Expression analysis of limb element markers during mouse embryonic development

Abstract

Background: While data regarding expression of limb element and tissue markers during normal mouse limb development exist, few studies show expression patterns in upper and lower limbs throughout key limb development stages. A comparison to normal developmental events is essential when analyzing development of the limb in mutant mice models. Results: Expression patterns of the joint marker Gdf5, tendon and ligament marker Scleraxis, early muscle marker MyoD1, and blood vessel marker Cadherin5 (Cdh5) are presented during the most active phases of embryonic mouse limb patterning. Anti‐neurofilament staining of developing nerves in the fore‐ and hindlimbs and cartilage formation and progression also are described. Conclusions: This study demonstrates and describes a range of key morphological markers and methods that together can be used to assess normal and abnormal limb development. Developmental Dynamics 247:1217–1226, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists

Liquid-phase ASEM imaging of cellular and structural details in cartilage and bone formed during endochondral ossification: Keap1-deficient osteomalacia

“…S8 a). In the distal side HCZ, some lacunae appeared empty, likely due to apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes 37 (Fig. 6 b).…”

“…Since skeletal mineralisation starts as early as E15.5 37 , we fixed an E15.5 mouse femur and monitored mineralisation in unstained tissue of distal to proximal regions using ASEM. Although we previously demonstrated that ASEM can image mineralisation as bright signals 35 , we detected no mineralisation at this stage, potentially because of low mineralisation levels at E15.5 37 . When stained with PTA, round resting chondrocytes were imaged in the RCZ of the periarticular region (Fig.…”

Leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemesphaerica Blume mitigates defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification due to mercuric chloride during the post-implantation period in Mus musculus

“…The femur given the treatment of HgCl 2 on GD 9 had significantly lower growth in length of femur 0.52±0.17 than the control 0.64±0.09, or 18.7% decrease ( Table 5 and Fig 8 ), but had different growth in diameter (0.91±0.32) compared to controls (0.92±0.35; Table 6 and Fig 9 ). We suspect that the effects were different because the humerus (forelimb) develops earlier than the femur (hindlimb) [ 32 ], and it has also been known that growth in length develops much earlier than growth in diameter in the long bones [ 33 ]. Different stages of development lead to different sensitivity to external stimuli.…”

Modulation of DNA Methylation Influences Cartilage Formation in Murine Chondrogenic Models

“…Next, we aimed to detect the expression of the three examined epigenetic markers at the mRNA level in cryosections of 15-day-old whole mouse embryos by in situ hybridization. We have chosen the age of the embryo by considering the stages of cartilage development as described by Rafipay et al [49]. They established that cartilage and bone formation in the developing limbs of a mouse embryo took place between E12.5 and E16.5.…”