Exposure to parental tobacco and alcohol use: Effects on children's health and development.

Abstract

This review examines three ways in which parental tobacco and alcohol use compromises the physical and mental health of children: 1) direct exposure to the substances; 2) living with parents who may become ill from using these substances; and 3) children's modeling of parental substance use. Implications for prevention, intervention, and public education are discussed, and a reframing of the national dialogue on youth substance abuse is called for.

Childhood Violence and Behavioral Effects Among Urban Pregnant Women

“…Many of the behaviors and depressive symptoms represent established risk factors for increased rates of low birth weight, preterm birth, miscarriage, and FAS; thus, these findings are particularly important in the focus of prevention programs targeting pregnant women. [10][11][12][13]27 Typically, prevention programs to reduce substance use among pregnant women focus on an explanation of the harm to the fetus but do not include a component to examine and counsel women on the factors influencing substance use during pregnancy. Asking pregnant women during early prenatal care sessions about their experience with current and childhood violence may open a discussion about the potential risk of coping with these traumatic events through substance use during the pregnancy.…”

“…The effect of childhood violence on behaviors during pregnancy is especially important because many adverse behaviors, including substance use and higher depressive symptoms=stress, have been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, miscarriage, and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). [10][11][12][13][14][15] Many studies have examined the role of violence among nonpregnant women, but we are aware of only two studies that have examined the consequences of childhood violence on health or behaviors during pregnancy. 3,9 Benedict et al 3 interviewed 357 pregnant, predominantly African American women over the age of 18 (20-24 years) and found that women who had been sexually abused during childhood had significantly higher mean depressive symptoms scores during pregnancy than nonabused women.…”

Risk and protective factors for psychological distress among adolescents: a family study in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study

“…In addition, other parental factors, such as low socioeconomic status, poor parental social network, parents' substance use/abuse and parental divorce have been found to constitute risk factors for psychological distress among adolescents [4,40,45].…”

Creating Nurturing Environments: A Science-Based Framework for Promoting Child Health and Development Within High-Poverty Neighborhoods

“…Children and adolescents exposed to family and community violence are more likely to have behavioral problems and engage in violent behavior (Linares et al, 2001; McMahon, Felix, Halpert, & Petropoulos, 2009). Additionally, children and adolescents exposed to parental substance use, including smoking, alcohol use, and other drug use, are more likely to engage in these behaviors (Richter & Richter, 2001). If their parents model healthful eating and exercise, children are more likely to eat healthful foods and exercise (Lindsay, Sussner, Kim, & Gortmaker, 2006).…”