Exposure to cadmium and mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate induce biochemical changes in rat liver, spleen, lung and kidney as determined by attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract

Attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy is a label‐free, non‐destructive analytical technique for biochemical analysis of macromolecular components within tissue samples. Cadmium (Cd) and mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a primary metabolite of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, are present ubiquitously in the environment and in organisms, and have adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. Herein we employed ATR‐FTIR analysis to identify biomolecular changes in rat liver, spleen, lung and kidney after prepubertal exposure to Cd and MEHP. Our results showed clear segregations between the 3 mg/kg Cd‐, 10 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg MEHP‐ and binary mixture‐treated groups vs. the solvent control group. Following principal components analysis coupled with linear discriminant analysis, biochemical alterations associated with different doses of Cd and MEHP were attributed mainly to lipids, proteins, phosphates and carbohydrates. In addition, the ratios of lipid/protein, C=O stretching/CH2 methylene (lipid oxidation level), amide I/amide II, α‐helix/β‐sheet and CH3 methyl/CH2 methylene (acetylation level) in target organs were affected by these toxicants. There seems to be no dose‐response effect of Cd and MEHP on target organs. We observed hardly any joint toxic action of these toxicants. This is the first study showing the application of ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy to the assessment of toxicity of Cd and MEHP. Possibly, destruction of cell membrane structure and integrity could be the common mechanism of Cd and MEHP toxicity in liver, spleen, lung and kidney.

Spectrochemical determination of effects on rat liver of binary exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and 2,2′,4,4′‐tetrabromodiphenyl ether

“…IR spectroscopy has been previously used in toxicology research, mainly in the identification of the toxic effect of pollutants and the study of toxic mechanism (Heys et al, 2017). For example, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy identified alterations in lipids, proteins, phosphate and carbohydrates in response to Cd, MEHP or binary mixture treatments (Zhu et al, 2019). Herein, we found that the 1600–1700 cm −1 spectral range is most associated with visible spectral differences between the control category and exposure categories combined.…”

“…Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, in particular ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy, has significant potential as an analytical technique to facilitate both protein crystallization studies and investigations into the effect of surface properties on protein behaviour, as well as other key questions related to protein structure and function (Glassford et al, 2013). These techniques are applicable to other fields, including the food industry (Gómez‐De‐Anda et al, 2012) and toxicology (Zhu et al, 2019).…”

Iodine excess induces hepatic, renal and pancreatic injury in female mice as determined by attenuated total reflection Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry

“…Importantly, the obtained spectral data in the range of 1800–900 cm −1 are regarded as the biochemical‐cell fingerprint, which has been successfully applied for classification and biomarker discovery (Baker et al, 2014; Paraskevaidi et al, 2017, 2018). Currently, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy has been shown to be an excellent diagnostic tool for identifying and quantifying postexposure biochemical alterations (Duan, Liu, et al, 2019; Li et al, 2013; Xiong et al, 2020; Zhu et al, 2019). In addition, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy provides a rapid, non‐invasive, low‐cost and label‐free analytical route for characterising biochemical components in complex biosamples (Li, Tian, et al, 2016; Duan, Liu, et al, 2019; Zhu et al, 2019; Xiong et al, 2020).…”

“…Currently, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy has been shown to be an excellent diagnostic tool for identifying and quantifying postexposure biochemical alterations (Duan, Liu, et al, 2019; Li et al, 2013; Xiong et al, 2020; Zhu et al, 2019). In addition, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy provides a rapid, non‐invasive, low‐cost and label‐free analytical route for characterising biochemical components in complex biosamples (Li, Tian, et al, 2016; Duan, Liu, et al, 2019; Zhu et al, 2019; Xiong et al, 2020). ATR‐FTIR has the advantages of high sensitivity, short detection time, repeatable assay and no need for special sample processing (Ami et al, 2019; Zheng et al, 2020).…”

The effect of diosmin against liver damage caused by cadmium in rats

“…There are many studies shown that negative effects of cadmium on the liver (Andjelkovic et al, 2019;Jurczuk, Brzóska, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, Gałazyn-Sidorczuk, & Kulikowska-Karpińska, 2004;Karaca & Eraslan, 2013;Koyu, Gokcimen, Ozguner, Bayram, & Kocak, 2006;Xu, Wang, Sun, & Wu, 2017;Zhu et al, 2019). In the treatment of these heavy metal-related intoxications, the use of a chelator for the chelation of the metals passing into the systemic circulation is often preferred (Flora, Mittal, & Mehta, 2008;Tandon et al, 2003;Xu et al, 1996).…”