Exploration of Pressure Field Around the Human Head During Speech

Dunn, H. K.; Farnsworth, David W.

doi:10.1121/1.1915975

Cited by 82 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…The transfer functions are plotted as the difference between the ' 13 octave band level of the LTASS obtained at the ear level position and the octave band level of the LTASS obtained at the reference microphone position (30 cm distance, 0" azimuth, 0" altitude). The transfer functions of two LTASS, from Dunn and Farnsworth ( 1939), which approximate the present ear level position are included for comparison. The LTASS reported by Dunn and Farnsworth (1939) were obtained from a single adult male subject at microphone positions of: ( 1 ) 15 cm distance, 135" azimuth; and (2) 10 cm distance, 90" azimuth (re: the talker's lips).…”

Section: Transfer Function Of Ear Level Ltassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One variable that may have implications for amplification research is the location of the hearing aid microphone. The LTASS has been shown to vary systematically as a function of the position of the measurement microphone around the talker (Bkkksy, 1949;Dunn & Farnsworth, 1939;Studebaker, 1985). Dunn and Farnsworth (1939) measured the overall level of speech, as well as the levels for 13 contiguous frequency bands of the LTASS obtained from a single adult male talker.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The LTASS has been shown to vary systematically as a function of the position of the measurement microphone around the talker (Bkkksy, 1949;Dunn & Farnsworth, 1939;Studebaker, 1985). Dunn and Farnsworth (1939) measured the overall level of speech, as well as the levels for 13 contiguous frequency bands of the LTASS obtained from a single adult male talker. Comparisons were made between the LTASS obtained from a microphone positioned directly in front of the talker's mouth (30 cm radius distance, 0" azimuth and 0" altitude) and at 80 different microphone placements around the talker's head.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ear Level Recordings of the Long-Term Average Spectrum of Speech*

1991

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The long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS) was measured at two different recording positions: 30 cm directly in front of the talker (reference position), and at the tragus of the talker's ear (ear-level position), for three groups of subjects: adult males, adult females, and children. Results indicated significant differences in the overall level and frequency spectra between the LTASS obtained at each microphone location. For all three groups of subjects the LTASS measured at the ear-level position consisted of more low frequency energy (i.e., below 1000 Hz) and less high frequency energy (i.e., above 2500 Hz) than did the LTASS measured at the reference microphone position. The findings suggest that the algorithms currently used to prescribe hearing aid gain may underestimate the sensation level of a hearing-impaired individual's own amplified speech productions at frequencies below 1000 Hz and overestimate the sensation level of a talker's own speech above 2500 Hz. The implications of these findings concerning selection of the electroacoustic characteristics of an amplification system for hearing-impaired individuals are discussed. (Ear Hear 12 1:47-54)

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Section: Transfer Function Of Ear Level Ltassmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Ear Level Recordings of the Long-Term Average Spectrum of Speech*

1991

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“…For comparison, directivity patterns are shown for two loud speakers, a Polk Mini-Monitor II and an Electro-voice Musicaster 100. Also presented in Table 1 are Dunn and Farnsworth's ( 1939) classic measurements of the directivity of the human voice. The amplitude of the signal relative to its level at 0° azimuth is shown for angles of 90° and 180° in octave steps from low-to highfrequencies.…”

Section: Vocal Radiation Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Measurement of Vocal Amplitude and Vocal Radiation Pattern in Blue Monkeys and Grey-Cheeked Mangabeys

Brown

1989

Bioacoustics

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The substitution method was adopted from industrial acoustics (Francois and de Montussaint 1972) to "eliminate the influence of the environment" on measurements of the amplitude of vocalizations given by blue monkeys Cercopithecus mitis and grey-cheeked mangabeys Cercocebus albigena. Measurements were conducted of sound power and sound pressure level of representative utterances. Monkey vocal radiation patterns were also measured. The results showed that vocal amplitude ranged from 62 dB to 100 dB in sound pressure (re 1 pw). At a distance of 2m, the loudest calls approached an amplitude of 110 dB SPL, a level about equal to the loudest human yell. The measurements of call amplitude conducted here exceeded those derived from the field by approximately 10 dB. It was shown that the discrepancy in amplitude between these laboratory based measurements and earlier measurements conducted under field conditions (W aser and W aser 1977) was probably due to destructive interference between the direct wave and the "ground wave", a phase shifted wave reflected from the ground. Measurements of radiation patterns of primate vocalizations showed that, like human speech, directivity was a function of frequency, with high-frequency components being radiated more directionally than lowerfrequency components, However, primate utterances were in general radiated more omnidirectionally than was human speech.

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“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] These show that, in general terms, vocal directivity increases with frequency, as would be expected for a small sound source in a solid head. The most detailed published results are those of Chu and Warnock, 8 which are given for 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) for conversational speech.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%