Exploitation of solar energy collected by solar stills for desalination by membrane distillation

Banat, Fawzi; Jumah, Rami; Garaibeh, M

doi:10.1016/s0960-1481(01)00058-1

Cited by 116 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Different types of hydrophobic membranes and configurations [107,108] were studied for desalination purposes. Coupling membrane distillation with solar energy was studied and has demonstrated the feasibility of solar powered MD in which 60%-80% of the energy was recovered [109][110][111]. Membrane distillation may also be integrated with reverse osmosis processes to increase the water recovery in the desalination plants [109,112] by treating the brine.…”

Section: Applications Of Membrane Distillationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Camacho

Dumée

Zhang

et al. 2013

Water

624

342

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Membrane distillation is a process that utilizes differences in vapor pressure to permeate water through a macro-porous membrane and reject other non-volatile constituents present in the influent water. This review considers the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent advances in membrane technology, module configurations, and the applications and economics of membrane distillation, and identifies areas that may lead to technological improvements in membrane distillation as well as the application characteristics required for commercial deployment. Keywordsa function of temperature, vapor pressure, and of the gas molecular mass K 0 membrane characteristic defined by Equation (9) Kn Knudsen number K(T) a function of temperature and molecular weight of the gas l mean free path of the molecules l m distance between parallel spacer fibres (m) LEP Limit Entry Pressure (kPa) M molecular mass (g/mol) M w molecular weights of water (g/mol) M a molecular weights of air (g/mol) n number of CNTs per unit cross section in bucky-paper P pressure in the air gap (kPa) half time to reach the maximum intensity-laser flash technique (s) t proportion of conductive heat (balance due to evaporative heat) loss through the membrane T mean temperature in the pores (K)

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Section: Applications Of Membrane Distillationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Camacho

Dumée

Zhang

et al. 2013

Water

624

342

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Membrane distillation (MD) is well recognized as a potential alternative technology for desalination due to the benefits of moderate operating temperature with acceptable permeation rate, high salt rejection and low GHG emissions when operated with available low-grade waste heat [1,2]. Importantly, MD has an attractive advantage over other desalination processes (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance enhancement and scaling control with gas bubbling in direct contact membrane distillation

et al. 2013

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This study incorporates gas bubbling into direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and examines its effect on the MD performance especially at elevated salt concentrations in the feed steam. Process optimization in the bubbling assisted DCMD process was carried out which involved varying operating conditions and module configurations. Also, observations were performed for the scaling status on the membrane surface with operating time in different modules to further understand the role of gas bubbling in affecting the behavior of crystal deposition when the salt concentration has reached super-saturation.Due to intensified local mixing and physical flow disturbance in the liquid boundary layer on the feed side, a higher flux enhancement could be achieved in a bubbling system with either a higher feed operating temperature, lower feed and permeate flow velocities, inclined module orientation, shorter fiber length or lower packing density. It was also found that gas bubbling not only enhanced the permeation flux by average 26% when concentrating feed solution from 18% salt concentration to saturation, but also delayed the occurrence of major flux decline due to crystal deposition when compared to the module with spacers. These results were confirmed by membrane surface autopsy at different operating stages SEM.

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“…Membrane distillation (MD) is a hybrid of thermal distillation and membrane separation [1]. The concept of MD was first described in technical literature in 1967 [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where T 1 and T 2 are the interface temperatures on feed and permeate sides, and T f and T p are the bulk temperatures on the feed and permeate sides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the influence of operating conditions on DCMD flux and thermal efficiency for incompressible and compressible membrane systems

Zhang

Gray

2013

Desalination

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Membrane distillation (MD) is a hybrid of thermal distillation and membrane separation. As a thermal distillation process, MD is an energy intensive technique. Therefore, it is important to select optimum operation parameters to maximise both the flux and energy efficiency, even though low grade or waste heat maybe employed in the process. In this paper, a model originally developed for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) using a compressible membrane is employed to predict the thermal efficiency and flux for both compressible and incompressible membrane systems. The predicted thermal efficiency was also compared with experimental results, and the errors were mostly within the range of experimental variation (±5%). As a result of membrane compressibility, the thermal conductivity and vapour permeability of the membrane were altered, causing a change in flux and energy efficiency. If a compressible membrane is used, it was found from the predicted results, that increasing stream velocity will reduce the thermal efficiency and even reduce flux once the increased pressure associated with the higher flows is in the range to compress the membrane. Increasing temperature either on feed side or on permeate side will increase thermal efficiency. In scaling up the process using a compressible membrane, it is necessary to reduce the pressure drop across the module in the DCMD process to maximise energy efficiency and flux. Since the operating temperature is normally not adjustable when low grade waste heat is employed, optimising the flowrates and pressure drops are the key factors for optimising flux and thermal efficiency.

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Exploitation of solar energy collected by solar stills for desalination by membrane distillation

Cited by 116 publications

References 9 publications

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Performance enhancement and scaling control with gas bubbling in direct contact membrane distillation

Predicting the influence of operating conditions on DCMD flux and thermal efficiency for incompressible and compressible membrane systems

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