Experiments with Screw-Worm Flies Sterilized by X-Rays1

Bushland, R. C.; Hopkins, D. E.

doi:10.1093/jee/44.5.725

Cited by 75 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…In view of this, scientists of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) started summing efforts to control this plague. Melvin & Bushland (1936) Bushland & Hopkins (1951) then conducted the first NWS irradiations at the X-ray Therapy Section of Brooke Army Hospital and found that, when 6 day old pupae were exposed to 50 Gy, the adult flies that emerged were sterile and could compete almost equally with non-irradiated insects. The first field evaluation pilot test was performed during 1951-1953 at the Sanibel Island (47 km 2 ), 4 km from the coast of Florida, using 32 P-labelled flies for a release-recapture experiment.…”

Section: Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Radiation and Isotopes in Insects

Mastrangelo¹,

Walder²

2011

Radioisotopes - Applications in Bio-Medical Science

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Section: Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Radiation and Isotopes in Insects

Mastrangelo¹,

Walder²

2011

Radioisotopes - Applications in Bio-Medical Science

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“…Trabalharam com quimioesterilização: Ascher, 1964;Borkovec, 1962;Chamberlain, 1962;Chamberlain & Barrett, 1964;Crystal, , 196 4 b-e, 1965aCrystal, -b, 1966aCrystal, -b, 1967aCrystal, -b, 1968a·d, 1969aCrystal, -c, 1970aCrystal, -f, 1971aCrystal, -c, 1972Crystal, , 1973aCrystal, -e, 1978aCrystal & LaChance, 1963;Crystal & Ramirez, 1975b;DeMilo & Crystal, 1972;Gouck, Crystal, Borkovec & Meifert, 1963;Knipling, 1962;LaChance & Crystal, 1963;Lindquist, 1961;Oliver & Crystal, 1972;Smith, LaBrecque & Borkovec, 1964;Terranova & Crystal, 1970;e Terry & Crystal, 1972. Os sucessos e insucessos da esterilização por radiação, suas técnicas, etc., foram tratados por: Ahrens , Hoffman, Goodenough & Peterson, 1976;Baumho· ver, 1963a;Baumhover, Graham, Bitter, Hopkins, New, Dudley & Bushland, 1955;Baumhover, Husman & Graham, 1966;Baumhover, Husman , Skipper & New, 1957;Bushland, , 1960aBushland, -c, 1974Bushland, , 1975Bushland & Hopkins, 1951Bushland, Knipling & Lindquist, 1956;Crystal, 1979; Cueler & Como foi anteriormente mencionado, esta espécie carece de importância como produtora de miíases, pois suas larvas são invasoras secundárias de ferimentos (necrobiontófagas), podendo contudo ser de importância na infestação de carcassas em açougues e abatedouros. Após a introdução de várias espécies exóticas de Chrysomya no Brasil, esta espécie, antes muito comum, está se tornando rara nas áreas urbanas …”

Section: Pupa E Adultounclassified

As miíases na região neotropical (identificação, biologia, bibliografia)

1982

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GENERALIDADES SOBRE MIfASESOs ataques de larvas de dípteros ao homem e aos animais despertaram a atenção de vários cronistas e missionários na América Latina, desde os albores da colonização.Já no século XVI encontramos várias referências à presença de larvas no corpo do homem ou dos animais.Frei Bernardino de Sahagún, que viveu na Nova Espanha (México), de 1529 a 1590, em sua "Historia General de las cosas de Nueva Espana", onde compilou o conhecimento de história natural dos Astecas, dizia da existência de "gusanos que se crían en los brazos o miembros de los conejos y ratones"; esses vermes podiam ser vistos "metidos dentro de la carne y miran hacia fuera". Estas larvas, certamente de Cuterebra, eram chamadas nacaocuilin Campo, 1947 : 50). Neste trecho, talvez a primeira referência a um cuterebrídeo, Frei Bernardino descreve magistralmente a abertura da chaga onde habita a larva, e seus espiráculos posteriores "que miran hacia fuera".Pedro de asma de Xara y Zejo, em carta de 26 de dezembro de 1568, endereçada ao médico sevilhano Nicolás Monardes, menciona a presença de larvas de dípteros encontradas em feridas ("l1agas"'), sem dúvida alguma re· ferindo·se a Cochliomyia (Manardes, 1580; Lamas, 1981).Gabriel Soares de Souza, descrevendo a Bahia em 1587, foi um dos primeiros a citar as bicheiras por Cochliomyia e seu tratamento: "~ notório a todos, como é matarem com o seu sumo (extrato de fumo ou petume) os vermes que se criam em feridas e chagas de gente descuidada: com a qual curam também as chagas e feridas das vacas e das éguas sem outra cousa, e com o sumo desta erva lhe encouram" (Souza, 1938).Simón (1626) Caso após caso de bicheiras acumulam-se na literatura científica e dos viajantes, em todas as partes do mundo.Em 1840, em seu trabalho de síntese, " On insects and their larvae occasionally found in the human body", o reverendo Hope cunhou o termo " myiasis" (de myia = mosca) .Desde então vem este termo sendo usado nas mais variadas acepções, existindo, entretanto, uma tendência para restringi-lo à síndrome geral caracterizada pelo ataque de larvas de dípteros a vertebrados vivos. Zumpt (1965: xi) forneceu a seguinte definição:"Miíase é a infestação de vertebrados vivos por larvas de dípteros que, pelo menos durante certo período, se alimentam dos tecidos vivos ou mortos do hospedeiro, de ~uas substâncias corporais líquidas, ou do alimento por ele ingerido."A importância dessa definição, segundo o autor, é de que as larvas completem pelo menos por um certo período o seu desenvolvimento normal dentro ou sobre o corpo do vertebrado.Tais larvas podem ser separadas em dois grupos biologicamente distintos: os parasitos obrigat6rios e os pa(asitos facultativos.São parasitos obrigatórios os que têm larvas que normalmente se desenvolvem dentro ou sobre o corpo de vertebrados vivos. Este grupo inclui as larvas que (i) vivem nas cavidades nasofaríngeas e outros sistemas internos de certos mamíferos herbívoros (Fam. Oestridae) ; (ii) as que vivem nos tecidos dérmicos e subdérmicos de certos mamíferos (Fams. Hyp...

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“…A major breakthrough came with a publication by Muller [12] showing that ionizing radiation could induce sterility in insects without impairing their mating activity. Initial laboratory experiments in the 1950s showed that both male and female screwworm flies could be rendered sexually sterile by exposure to X-rays (Bushland & Hopkins, 1951) [13] or gamma rays (Bushland & Hopkins, 1953) [14] without excessive damage to their survivability and competitiveness with the wild type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of new radiation protocols for insect sterilization using long wavelength x-rays

Urquidi

Brar

Rodriguez

et al. 2015

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Control of insect species for the protection of crops, livestock, and prevention of disease such as dengue fever and malaria is a high priority in today's global economy. Traditional methods such as pesticides have fallen out of favor because its effects are indiscriminate as well as adverse and unpredictable impacts on the environment. Modern novel techniques such as genetic modification have had trouble gaining traction due to ethics concerns and the potential for unforeseen side effects. One approach that has gained traction and has proven its efficacy is the use of ionizing radiation to affect sterility in insect species in order to scale back their population. Known as Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), it has proven very effective in eradicating certain dipteran insect populations. However, when standard sterilization methods developed for dipertans are applied to mosquito populations significant complications arise, such as an inability to compete with non-irradiated males and high mortality rates. We have investigated the effect of treatment with x-rays of different wavelengths on x-ray sterilized mosquito males. Our results have demonstrated that longer wavelength x-rays have a significant effect on the outcome of the sterile males' longevity as well as an increase on the efficacy of sterilization while employing a substantially lower dose. OVERVIEWWe have investigated the utilization of X-ray radiation to achieve sterilization for use in insect pest management programs. The denials of trans-boundary shipments of radioisotopes due to political instabilities are creating a severe constraint to sterile insect technique (SIT) programs around the world as SIT relies on the use of ionizing radiation from radioisotopes for insect sterilization. In SIT programs a large number of sterilized males are released area-wide. The sterile males compete with wild males for female insects. If a female mates with a sterile male then it will have no offspring. Ultimately, this leads to a reduction of the wild population [1]. The sexual sterility is induced with gamma radiation emitted from radioisotopes such as Cesium-137 and Cobalt-60 in almost all SIT programs. The Gammacell 220, a 60 Co irradiator (MDS Nordion International Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada) has been the most commonly used irradiator and has proven extremely reliable for the purpose of sterilizing target insect pests. This technique has been used successfully for suppression, eradication, containment and prevention of many insect pests [2,3]. The use of sterile insects in area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programs will continue to expand as constraints are increasing on the use of chemical pesticides in relation to the public's growing demand for a cleaner environment and residue-free food.In 2006, a serious problem arose when the production of the Gammacell 220 irradiator was discontinued. The future availability of these small scale irradiators is in doubt due to growing difficulties associated with the transboundary shipment of radioisotop...

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Experiments with Screw-Worm Flies Sterilized by X-Rays1

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Use of Radiation and Isotopes in Insects

Use of Radiation and Isotopes in Insects

As miíases na região neotropical (identificação, biologia, bibliografia)

The development of new radiation protocols for insect sterilization using long wavelength x-rays

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