Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer:IX. Food utilization in lactation

Abstract

Food utilization by lactating dairy cows was studied in a randomized experiment covering the first 24 weeks of lactation, with further observations on performance over the remainder of the lactation under farm conditions. Over a 3-year period 90 firstcalf cows each took part in the experiment for one lactation, making six groups of 14-16 animals.For the experimental period a fixed basal diet was given of hay, concentrates, and wet brewer's grains. One group received only the basal ration. Four groups received in addition a fixed concentrates supplement for 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks from calving onwards respectively. The sixth group also had supplementary concentrates for 16 weeks but for weeks 5-12 inclusive the amount was doubled so that this group's diet simulated broadly ad libitum feeding in early lactation.Milk yield was increased by extra concentrates. The greater part of the effect was apparent in the first 2 weeks of different levels of intake, with a further build-up over the next 6-8 weeks. The size of the response fell as time from calving to initiation of different intakes increased. Additional food increased and delayed peak yield level. Persistency of milk yield was not affected by fixed differences in intake. Rate of liveweight change was improved by extra concentrates, less so in the third compared with the first month on treatment.A higher level of feeding in early lactation led to a greater partition of nutrients in mid-lactation to milk at the expense of gains in body reserves. This advantage to milk production extended to the end of lactation. In it the greatest response per unit concentrates was obtained from supplementation in the first 4 weeks of lactation but the total effect was increased by giving a double allowance of concentrates, and by extending the period of extra feeding to 8 weeks after calving.Solids-not-fat content and yield, and fat yield but not fat content, showed a similar response pattern to milk yield.Animal-to-animal variation in output on constant diets was characterized by negative regressions of live-weight change on milk yield. The regression coefficients were greater in early than in mid-lactation but they were constant in size at any one time for the various groups. A change in ration induced a change in output of the individual in which that production pathway favoured naturally by the animal was the more affected.

Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle 1. A comparison of three patterns of allocation for autumn-calving cows and heifers offered grass silage ad libitum

“…Contrary to the results of Broster et al (1969), Broster, Broster, Smith andSiviter (1975) and Broster (1976), the differences between treatments in decline from peak milk yield compensated totally for the differences in peak milk yield. This may be a reflexion of the high quality silage offered ad libitum in this and other studies (0stergaard, 1979;Steen and Gordon, 1980;Gordon, 1982a and b), whereas Broster et al (1969 and used poor quality hay offered in restricted amounts as the basal diet.…”

The effect of type of silage and level of concentrate supplementation offered during early lactation on total lactation performance of January/February calving cows

“…A similar result has been obtained by Moisey and Leaver (1979). However, in many experiments (Broster and Tuck, 1967;Broster, Broster and Smith, 1969;Strickland and Lessells, 1971;Broster, Broster, Smith and Siviter, 1975), increasing milk yield during early lactation by offering additional food at this time has produced a large residual response in milk yield during later lactation. The animals used in these experiments calved during the autumn and remained indoors, and were offered restricted quantities of forage during either part or all of the residual period, while those used in the present experiment and that of Moisey and Leaver (1979) were at pasture during the residual period.…”

Allocation of feed based on individual dairy cow live weight changes

“…Everson et al, 1976;Oldenbroek, 1988;Friggens et al, 1998), but results on the correlation between initial lactation yield or peak yield and milk yield persistency are diverging (Akinyele and Spahr, 1975;Broster et al, 1975;Østergaard, 1979). The milk response to increased energy allowance is much higher in early compared to late lactation (Broster, 1972) due to changes in energy partitioning between individual life functions as lactation advances (Kirkland and Gordon, 2001).…”