Experimental Xylazine-Ketamine Anesthesia in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The potential anesthetic effect of ketamine in combination with xylazine was examined in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Anesthesia (indicated by cessation of voluntary swimming and loss of responses to pinching the skin with forceps and pricking the tail with a needle) was induced by mixing 14.4 ml of ketamine (5% solution), or 11.4 ml of xylazine (2% solution), or both, in 10 l of water containing 10 fish/group. Xylazine alone induced sedation and anesthesia in 5-12.3 min with a mean duration of 7.3 min. Ketamine alone induced similar effects in 7.2-9.7 min for an average of 24.2 min. Combined xylazine and ketamine took longer (14-22.8 min) to induce sedation and anesthesia, but the duration was longer (42.7 min). The respiratory rates of anesthetized fish significantly decreased in all treatments when compared to controls. In conclusion, the combination of xylazine-ketamine was found to induce smooth anesthesia in the common carp for a time sufficient for common clinical and surgical interventions.

Anesthetic Potency of Ketamine in Caspian Terrapin, Freshwater Soft Shell Tortoise and Rat Snake Collected from Bahar Al Najaf District, Al-Najaf Province

“…We note in Table 2 that when ketamine was injected 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg of body weight, the minimum onset time for doses was (12,8,6), while the most time was (16,11,8) respectively. While we noticed the minimum a loss of the right reflex, deep anesthesia, recovery right reflex and completed recovery was (22,18,13), (43,65,74), (95,132,134) and (18,30,55).…”

“…Samples from faeces, aspirates, tracheal fluids or blood can help in making an accurate pre-anesthetic diagnosis. There have been various studies that have evaluated the efficacy and side effects of different drug combinations, such as ketamine in turtle Podocnemis expanse, (4) ketamine in tortoises Gopherus polyphemus, (6) and ketamine in Snapping turtles Chelydra serpentine (7) .…”

“…Furthermore, the optimal anesthetic agent has a rapid onset of action and is quickly cleared from the bloodstream and central nervous system. Ketamine hydrochloride is a general anesthetic agent characterized by analgesia (11,6) , rapid induction, and limited duration of action. The analgesic action of ketamine is due to its ability to bind the N-methyl-Daspartate subtype of glutamate receptor (16) .…”

Anesthetic efficacy of ketamine–diazepam, ketamine–xylazine, and ketamine–acepromazine in Caspian Pond turtles (Mauremys caspica)

“…In fact, there is only one study in which the dose-response curve of acepromazine, in Giant South American turtles P. expansa , has been evaluated. [16] The M. caspica (Gmelin, 1774) is a medium-sized freshwater turtle that is widespread throughout the Middle East. In Iran, the Caspian Pond turtle is widely distributed in the north, west, and southwest of the country.…”

Sedative Efficacy of Tobacco Extract, Clove Oil, Tricaine Methanesulfonate, and Ketamine: Effects on Hematological Parameters and Blood Biochemical Profile in Sterlet

“…Therefore, ketamine is often used in combination with α‐2‐adrenoceptor agonists (e.g., xylazine, detomidine, and medetomidine) to reduce dosage‐related apnea and muscle rigidity and to induce balanced anesthesia (Harms ; Branson ; Al‐Hamdani et al. ).…”