Experimental Equipment Validation for Methane (CH4) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Hydrates

Khan, Muhammad Saad; Yaqub, Sana; Manner, Naathiya; Karthwathi, Nur Ani; Qasim, Ali; Mellon, Nurhayati; Lal, Bhajan

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/344/1/012025

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The test apparatus consists of a high-pressure cell of 650 mL in volume, which operates effectively between 253–523 K, with a maximum operating pressure of 20 MPa. Further details of the experimental set-up and the operating procedure can be found elsewhere [ 11 , 42 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Figure 5 shows the schematic and the actual experimental set-up used in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates

et al. 2021

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This study evaluates the kinetic hydrate inhibition (KHI) performance of four quaternary ammonium hydroxides (QAH) on mixed CH4 + CO2 hydrate systems. The studied QAHs are; tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPrAOH). The test was performed in a high-pressure hydrate reactor at temperatures of 274.0 K and 277.0 K, and a concentration of 1 wt.% using the isochoric cooling method. The kinetics results suggest that all the QAHs potentially delayed mixed CH4 + CO2 hydrates formation due to their steric hindrance abilities. The presence of QAHs reduced hydrate formation risk than the conventional hydrate inhibitor, PVP, at higher subcooling conditions. The findings indicate that increasing QAHs alkyl chain lengths increase their kinetic hydrate inhibition efficacies due to better surface adsorption abilities. QAHs with longer chain lengths have lesser amounts of solute particles to prevent hydrate formation. The outcomes of this study contribute significantly to current efforts to control gas hydrate formation in offshore petroleum pipelines.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates

et al. 2021

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“…The evaluation of thermodynamic gas hydrate suppression considered the findings of equilibrium points where hydrate, liquid, and vapor phases are coexisting simultaneously [15]. The accuracy of the results was validated through measurement and comparison of the data with earlier works of literature [15,45].…”

Section: Gas Hydrate Inhibition Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetraethylammonium Acetate and Tetraethylammonium Bromide-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Thermodynamic CO2 Gas Hydrate Inhibitors

et al. 2020

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The thermodynamic gas hydrate suppression behavior of four Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) was evaluated in this paper. The mixtures of Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBA), Tetraethylammonium Acetate (TEAAC), and Tetraethylammonium Bromide (TEAB) with Hydrogen Bond Donors (HBD), Mono-Ethylene Glycol (MEG), and Glycerol were used to make the DES. The DESs were made at a 1:7 molar ratio for the combinations of TEAAC:MEG, TEAAC:Glycerol, TEAB:MEG, and TEAB:Glycerol. The Hydrate Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium (HLVE) data for CO2 were evaluated through the T-cycle method at different temperature (273.15–283.15 K) and pressure (2–4 MPa) conditions in the presence and absence of 5 wt % aqueous DES solutions. The inhibition effects showed by the DESs, including average suppression temperature (ΔŦ) and gas hydrate dissociation enthalpies (ΔHdiss), were also calculated. The average suppression temperature values of the DESs ranged between 0.4 and 2.4, with the highest inhibition to lowest inhibition order being TEAB:Glycerol > TEAB:MEG > TEAAC:Glycerol > TEAAC:MEG. A comparison of the DES with conventional Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors (THIs) showed that studied Deep Eutectic Solvents had better gas hydrate inhibition. The results proved that DES has the potential to be one of the promising alternatives in gas hydrate inhibition.

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“…The formation of gas hydrates can cause blockages in oil and natural gas pipelines because of their non‐flowing, solid crystal structures 6,7 . In addition, hydrate formation can also prompt many safety challenges, which can even lead to human casualties in severe cases 8,9 . Consequently, the formation of gas hydrates in hydrocarbon flow is clearly undesirable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mini review on environmental issues concerning conventional gas hydrate inhibitors

Haq

Qasim

Lal

et al. 2021

Process Safety Progress

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In the offshore oil and gas fields, the formation of gas hydrates creates critical issues, and these issues or challenges become more pervasive as productive activities proceed to deep sea waters. Further, a number of chemical additives that are used to prevent gas hydrate formation in pipelines pose toxicity issues and are harmful to the environment. Commercially available inhibitors such as methanol, glycols, polyvinyl caproclatum (PVCap), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which are being used for gas hydrate mitigation, have shown toxicity issues such as corrosion and mass loss due to their volatile nature, resulting in their high consumption. Methanol and glycols are identified as thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs), while PVCap and PVP are classified as low‐dosage hydrate inhibitiors. There has been considerable discussion in the literature on whether to use THIs or low‐dosage gas hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) but less discussion on their toxicity and harmful effects on the environment. Therefore, in this mini review we intend to throw light on the environmental issues concerning conventional gas hydrate inhibitors used currently.

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Experimental Equipment Validation for Methane (CH4) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Hydrates

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates

Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates

Tetraethylammonium Acetate and Tetraethylammonium Bromide-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Thermodynamic CO2 Gas Hydrate Inhibitors

Mini review on environmental issues concerning conventional gas hydrate inhibitors

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