The present study investigates the sorption potential of barley husk for the removal of solar red BA from aqueous solution. Sorption capacity, q (mg/g), of barley husk decreased with increasing initial dye concentration. The sorption equilibrium established within 90 min using 0.10 g biosorbent while it was prolonged to 135 min with increasing amount of biosorbent (0.25-0.50 g). The equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms at different biosorbent doses. The results indicated the applicability of Freundlich isotherm at low-biosorbent dose. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be best fit to the biosorption data with three biosorbent doses. The equilibrium thermodynamic data for the adsorption of the dyes gave G 0 values −79.77 kJ/mol at 303 K indicated the process to be occurred spontaneously at low temperature. FTIR analysis and SEM imaging of biosorbent were also carried out.
In the recent years, application of ionic liquids in flow assurance has been enhanced due their potential as viable candidates for chemical mitigation of gas hydrates. Such clathrate compounds, in which gas molecules are trapped in hydrogen bonded caged formed by water molecules, comprise a major part of flow issues in pipeline conditions of low temperatures and higher pressures. Their formation can cause plugging, thereby disrupting the normal oil and gas flow. One flow assurance strategy consists in injecting different chemicals acting as gas hydrate inhibitors (GHIs). Ionic liquids have a strong potential for this application. Therefore, challenges, issues and current trends on their use as GHIs have been discussed in detail. Contrary to usual GHIs, Ionic liquids can act both as on thermodynamic (THI) and kinetic (KHI) hydrate inhibitors (as well as anti-agglomerates). . This dual functionality of ionic liquids is advantageous for gas hydrate mitigation. In preceding open literature, the studies on the applications of dual functional behavior of ionic liquids for mixed gases are found to be limited. The discussion on mixed gas hydrates behavior is novel and the factors influencing are highlighted. It is found that imidazolium based ionic liquids have been studied frequently in THI and KHI applications for pure CO2 and CH4 hydrates as their performance is better. While in the case of mixed gas hydrates, only quaternary ammonium salts have been studied yet. They showed better performance in terms of THI and KHI. Furthermore, the prospects of the use of ionic liquids in gas hydrate inhibition applications in flow assurance are also considered.
Anionic
covalent organic framework is an emerging class of functional
materials in which included ionic species of the opposite charges
play an important role in the ion conduction and selective gas adsorption.
Herein, we reported a facile method to construct a series of germanate-based
anionic COFs (Ge-COFs) by reticulating dianionic hexa-coordinated
GeO6 nodes with anthracene building blocks adopting a hcb topology in an extended 2D framework. A systematic change
of pore properties in Ge-COFs was observed through the incorporation
of three different alkali metal cations: Li+, Na+, and K+. The intrinsically negatively charged backbone
provides a host matrix with a homogeneous distribution of counter
cations and poses variable and exciting features for gas adsorption
and ionic conduction. Among the series, K+-based Ge-COF-K
with a surface area of 1252 m2/g and pore volume of 0.84
cm3/g shows a maximum CO2 uptake of 126 cm3/g (247.4 mg/g) at 273 K and 1 bar, an IAST selectivity of
140 over N2. Ge-COF-K also exhibits a high SO2 kinetic breakthrough capacity of 154 mg/g at low ppm of SO2 concentration under ambient conditions among recently reported porous
materials. Moreover, reasonably high lithium, sodium, and potassium
ionic conductivities were observed with the values of 1.2 × 10–4, 3.4 × 10–5, and 2.2 ×
10–5 S/cm for propylene carbonate infiltrated Ge-COF-Li,
Ge-COF-Na, and Ge-COF-K at 100 °C, respectively.
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