Experimental design for one dimensional electrolytic reactive barrier for remediation of munition constituent in groundwater

Abstract

A combination of direct electrochemical reduction and in-situ alkaline hydrolysis has been proposed to decompose energetic contaminants such as 1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro- 1,3,5-triazine and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (RDX) in deep aquifers. This process utilizes natural groundwater convection to carry hydroxide produced by an upstream cathode to remove the contaminant at the cathode as well as in the pore water downstream as it migrates toward the anode. Laboratory evaluation incorporated fundamental principles of column design coupled with reactive contaminant modeling including electrokinetics transport. Batch and horizontal sand-packed column experiments included both alkaline hydrolysis and electrochemical treatment to determine RDX decomposition reaction rate coefficients. The sand packed columns simulated flow through a contaminated aquifer with a seepage velocity of 30.5 cm/day. Techniques to monitor and record the transient electric potential, hydroxide transport and contaminant concentration within the column were developed. The average reaction rate coefficients for both the alkaline batch (0.0487 hr−1) and sand column (0.0466 hr−1) experiments estimated the distance between the cathode and anode required to decompose 0.5 mg/L RDX to the USEPA drinking water lifetime Health Advisory level of 0.002 mg/L to be 145 and 152 cm.

The Experimental Design Approach in Square‐Wave Voltammetric Determination of Tamoxifen by NiO‐CPE**

“…Further, an adequate precision of 60.519 was obtained, evidence of the model‘s goodness. A criterion for a good model precision is a value greater than 4 [100,101] …”

“…Yð¼ DIÞ ¼ 46:74À 32:24 A þ 427:88BÀ ChemistrySelect goodness. A criterion for a good model precision is a value greater than 4 [100,101]…”

Flowing electrolytic synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and carbon nanosheets

“…In this method, the electrolyte flow through the electrode surface. According to its high mass transfer rate and refresh electrode surface, the flowing electrolysis has been used for waste water treatment [32,33], electrochemical detector [34,35] and reaction kinetics study [36][37][38]. Herein, a novel flowing electrolysis method was developed for the preparation of carbon nanomaterials.…”

Transformation of chlorobenzene and 4-chlorophenol in groundwater by electro-fenton and sono-electro-fenton reactions

“…Electrochemical treatments are recognized to be the most environmentally-friendly methods as they can be performed in-situ without external chemical additions (Alshawabkeh and Sarahney 2005, Alshawabkeh 2009, Martínez-Huitle and Brillas 2009, which lowers the cost of remediation. Contaminants can be electrochemically transformed via direct or indirect oxidation and/or reduction mechanisms (Gent, Wani et al 2012, Mao, Ciblak et al 2012, Yuan, Gou et al 2013b. are the most common biotechnologies.…”

“…However, the majority of the literature reviewed has concentrated on the cathodic discussion of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons toward the corresponding dehalogenated hydrocarbons (Mao, Ciblak et al 2011, Mao, Ciblak et al 2012. Direct electron transfer (which take place heterogeneously through the transfer of electrons between electrodes of solid-state and targeted chemical species) (Gent, Wani et al 2012) and indirect electron transfer (which happens through hydrogen atom generation on the surface of the cathode)…”