Exosomes: an important messenger in the asthma inflammatory microenvironment

Abstract

Asthma is a frequently diagnosed chronic pulmonary disease that is increasing in incidence. It is characterized by airway narrowing due to an immune response to allergens, infections, or air pollutants. Several types of cells participate in the initiation and development of asthma, including bronchial epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells (mast cells, T and B cells, and dendritic cells). Exosomes released in the asthmatic microenvironment exert a crucial function in intercellular signaling by transporting their contents, such as RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipid mediators, to recipient cells, which play key roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. In the present review, we summarize currently available information on the function of exosomes in the asthmatic microenvironment.

Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the respiratory system

“…EVs containing signaling molecules in addition to these miRNAs can be derived from a host of immune cells and respiratory tissue. For example, exosomes from mast cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils are associated with promoting the asthma-induced lung inflammatory response 65 , 66 . In addition, EVs that are sourced from fibroblasts can promote smooth muscle tissue and epithelial cell proliferation in severe asthma 67 .…”

“… 21 COPD Endothelial cell-derived EVs are upregulated in the lung. 38 , 39 EV-miR-210 controls autophagy functions and differentiation of my fibroblast 42 Pulmonary hypertension 15-LO2-enriched exosomes trigger proliferation of PAECs by activating STAT3 pathway 47 miR-143-enriched exosomes induce migration and angiogenesis of PAECs, 48 Lung fibrosis EV-bound WNT5A promote lung fibroblast proliferation and pathogenesis of lung fibrosis 50 EVs released from mesenchymal stem cells are involved in repairing damaged tissues 51 Asthma EV-miR-145 is essential to epithelial and smooth muscle cell functions during asthma-induced lung inflammation 56 EVs from mast cells, T-cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils promote asthma-induced lung inflammation 65 , 66 EVs from fibroblasts promote smooth muscle tissue and epithelial cell proliferation in severe asthma 67 …”

HMSC-Derived Exosome Inhibited Th2 Cell Differentiation via Regulating miR-146a-5p/SERPINB2 Pathway

“…Exosomes are believed to play a critical role in the orchestration of immune responses. Previous studies have indicated that cell-derived exosomes could trigger proinflammatory responses by the transportation of molecules contained in the exosomes [7,8]. Additionally, the released exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) are detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with respiratory diseases, such as asthma and AR, indicating that exosomes and miRNAs are involved in AR pathogenesis [9].…”

Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Compromising Cellular Resilience to Environmental Stressors

“…Conversely, asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by allergens and air pollutants that is characterized by airway hypersensitivity and reversible obstruction of airways. Extracellular vesicle miRNAs, like subsets of let-7 and miRNA-200 families, are altered in asthmatics [146,147]. Level of EV miRNAs increases in the epithelium of airways exposed to allergens, particularly miR-223 and miR-142a that have been found to increase in mice treated with allergens [148].…”