Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Compromising Cellular Resilience to Environmental Stressors

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes, are nanosized membrane-enveloped vesicles containing different bioactive cargo, such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and other small regulatory RNAs. Cell-derived EVs, including EVs originating from stem cells, may capture components from damaged cells or cells impacted by therapeutic treatments. Interestingly, EVs derived from stem cells can be preconditioned to produce and secrete EVs with different therapeutic properties, particularly with respect to heat-shock proteins and other molecular cargo contents. This behavior is consistent with stem cells that also respond differently to various microenvironments. Heat-shock proteins play roles in cellular protection and mediate cellular resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and heat shock. This review highlights the possible roles EVs play in mediating cellular plasticity and survival when exposed to different physical and chemical stressors, with a special focus on the respiratory distress due to the air pollution.

Extracellular Vesicles as Drivers of Immunoinflammation in Atherothrombosis

“…EVs derived from PM-exposed alveolar epithelial cells fueled inflammatory signaling via inhibitor of the nuclear factor kappa alpha (IκBα)–nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)–vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM1) axis [ 52 ]. Nevertheless, EVs shed after PM exposure could also mediate crosstalk between EC-immune cells to cope with the inflammatory assault [ 53 ], a response impaired in overweight subjects at increased cardiovascular risk [ 54 ].…”

Exosome‐delivered circSATB2 targets the miR‐330‐5p/PEAK1 axis to regulate proliferation, migration and invasion of lung cancer cells

“…Exosomes are nanosized membrane‐enveloped vesicles secreted by all kinds of cells, and they can be used as the storage of functional molecules 21 . Here, we have isolated exosomes from lung cancer cells and TEM observation showed the biolayer membranes of vesicles.…”

Extracellular vesicles in β cell biology: Role of lipids in vesicle biogenesis, cargo, and intercellular signaling

“…EVs, initially described as conduits for disposal of undesired cellular material, are now considered to be part of the secretome, serving as carriers of important cargo that can be delivered from a donor cell to a same or different recipient cell type (see Figure 2 ). Among the cargo includes proteins, enzymes, transcription factors, RNA, miRNA, DNA, and lipids [ 22 , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] ]. Studies during the past decade have revealed that EVs are released from a variety of cells and their cargo participates in a variety of disorders, predominantly cancer, neurological, and metabolic disorders [ 56 , 57 ].…”