Exogenous 24-Epibrassinolide stimulates root protection, and leaf antioxidant enzymes in lead stressed rice plants: Central roles to minimize Pb content and oxidative stress

Exogenous brassinolide improves the antioxidant capacity of Pinellia ternata by enhancing the enzymatic and nonenzymatic defense systems under non-stress conditions

“…The expression of six APX (DN23816_c0_g1, DN1642_c0_g1, DN77766_c0_g1, DN63522_c0_g1, DN1886_c0_g1, and DN104232_c0_g1) genes were increased by BR and Pcz treatment, which were associated with the increased APX activity. A similar study reported that 24-epibrassinolide treatment significantly increased the APX activity and enhanced the expression level of the APX gene in Cucumis sativus (Ahammed et al, 2017;Guedes et al, 2021). The GR activity and expression level (DN16364_c2_g1) were reduced by applying BR but were enhanced by applying Pcz.…”

The use of ecological analytical tools as an unconventional approach for untargeted metabolomics data analysis: the case of Cecropia obtusifolia and its adaptive responses to nitrate starvation

“…Because the number of tMEs involved in the brassinosteroid (BR) pathway was quite high (representing 51.8% of the total), a deeper literature review was performed to explain the biological importance of these types of metabolites and their participation in the nitrate starvation response, since these compounds play an important role in relieving various types of stress, such as drought, cold, heat, salinity, and nutritional stress (Houimli et al 2010). Such stress conditions are characterized by increases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POX), all of which are key enzymes involved in the release and dismutation of H 2 O 2 in H 2 O and O 2 (Anwar et al 2018;Basit et al 2021;Guedes et al 2021;Hu et al 2021) by regulating various metabolic pathways, which regulate signal transduction pathways in conjunction with many other growth regulators, such as indole-3 acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, zeatin riboside, isopentenyl adenosine, and gibberellin (GA), to stimulate tolerance to nutritional stress, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis in the plant (Anwar et al 2018;Hafeez et al 2021;Manghwar et al 2022). In this context, the presence of 22R and 23R compounds, also known as 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), is highlighted; this is one of the most active forms of BR (Manghwar et al 2022) and has multiple functions in metabolism contributing to fundamental processes such as vascular differentiation, germinative processes, root and stem growth, fruit development, abscission and maturation, gene expression modulation by inducing CHLASE, CHS, PAL, POD, CAT, GR, and GST1 genes, and the enhancement of tolerance mechanisms (Houimli et al 2010;Janeczko et al 2010;Li et al 2020;Guedes et al 2021;Manghwar et al 2022), resulting in substantial changes in biomass (Guedes et al 2021;Manghwar et al 2022).…”

“…In this context, the presence of 22R and 23R compounds, also known as 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), is highlighted; this is one of the most active forms of BR (Manghwar et al 2022) and has multiple functions in metabolism contributing to fundamental processes such as vascular differentiation, germinative processes, root and stem growth, fruit development, abscission and maturation, gene expression modulation by inducing CHLASE, CHS, PAL, POD, CAT, GR, and GST1 genes, and the enhancement of tolerance mechanisms (Houimli et al 2010;Janeczko et al 2010;Li et al 2020;Guedes et al 2021;Manghwar et al 2022), resulting in substantial changes in biomass (Guedes et al 2021;Manghwar et al 2022). These characteristics have caused EBR to be considered a key active molecule in the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stress (Guedes et al 2021). In addition, brassinolide, which was also identified as an active metabolite in this pathway, is the final product of the pathway; it is generated by the conversion of castasterone and is involved in abiotic stress responses, including the response to nitrate starvation, among other functions (Bajguz and Tretyn 2003;Castorina and Consonni 2020).…”

Seed bulb size influences the effects of exogenous brassinolide on yield and quality of Pinellia ternata

“…(2017). The BR treatments might also enhance enzyme and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (Pereira et al ., 2020; Guedes et al ., 2021). DPPH radical scavenging activity in bulbils was not significantly affected by seed bulb size (Table 5), which might be an effect of different seed bulb sizes on antioxidant activity of young tissue bulbils.…”