Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in school-age children born extremely preterm

Bronchial hyper‐responsiveness in preterm‐born subjects: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…A total of 10 638 article titles were identified of which 265 full articles were screened for inclusion. Twenty‐eight met the inclusion criteria (Figure ). For the two studies that overlapped the one reporting BHR as a proportion of responders was included in the meta‐analyses.…”

“…Many of the articles studied preterm‐born subjects where prematurity was defined as being born at a gestation of <37 weeks, but there was heterogeneity in the groups as articles also sometimes only included extremely (<28 weeks’ gestation) or very (≤32 weeks’ gestation) or late (33 ‐36 weeks’ gestation) preterm‐born subjects . Although the majority of studies studied randomly selected preterm subjects or studied cohorts, one study included preterm infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), but the authors provided data to us to only include the preterm and term control infants excluding CDH .…”

Lungenfunktion in Kindheit und Adoleszentenalter: Einfluss von Frühgeburtlichkeit und bronchopulmonaler Dysplasie

“…metabolischem Syndrom) im Vergleich zu Frühgeborenen ohne diese Risikofaktoren Es wurden Studien nicht berücksichtigt, in denen ein routinemäßiger Einsatz von pränataler Lungenreifeinduktion und Surfactant bei Atemnotsyndrom bei Geburtsjahrgang ab 1990 nicht nach o.g. Kriterien angenommen werden konnte [25][26][27][28][29][30], die nicht zwischen Frühgeborenen mit und ohne BPD differenzierten [31][32][33][34] oder die Kinder mit BPD nur direkt mit reifen Neugeborenen verglichen [34][35][36]. Studien, in denen die Lungenfunktion vor vollendetem erstem Lebensjahr untersucht wurde, wurden nicht als langfristige Nachuntersuchungen gewertet [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44].…”

Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm and Allergy

“…EIB reflective of the underlying asthma condition is reported in up to 90% of subjects with identified asthma but EIB can occur in individuals without a clinical history of asthma (14). Athletes particularly suffer from EIB without known asthma (15, 16), more frequently those with risk factors such as lung injury secondary to prematurity (17) or neonatal chronic lung conditions (18). However EIB is more commonly reported when asthma is associated to heavy exercise like in competitive athletes.…”

“…Both hypotheses are based on the marked increased ventilation during physical activity, leading to increased water and heat loss through respiration. Increased water loss increases the osmolality of the extracellular fluid lining the bronchial mucosa, causing water to move extracellularly possible through the water channels, aquaporins, and bronchial epithelial cells to “shrink,” with an increase in intracellular ion concentration (17) and release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and other inflammatory cells including newly formed eicosanoids (32, 33). The epithelium may serve as a key regulator of the balance of eicosanoids in the airways by activating the release of bronchoconstrictive eicosanoids in inflammatory cells in close contact and by alterations that reduce the synthesis of the protective PGE2 (34).…”