Excess intensity noise originated from polarization fluctuation in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Mukaihara, T.; Ohnoki, N.; Hayashi, Yukio; Hatori, Nobuaki; Koyama, Fumio; Iga, Kenichi

doi:10.1109/68.466560

Cited by 57 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This leads to random polarization switching, 1 which causes problems such as an increased relative intensity noise. 2,3 To make polarization fixed to one axis of the VCSEL, there has to be some asymmetry introduced in its structure. Previous approaches include techniques such as fabricating in asymmetric shape 4 -6 and providing asymmetric mechanical force.…”

Section: Wavelength Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Fabricatmentioning

confidence: 99%

1.3 μm wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting laser fabricated by orientation-mismatched wafer bonding: A prospect for polarization control

Okuno

Geske

Gan

et al. 2003

Applied Physics Letters

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We propose and demonstrate a long-wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) which consists of a (311)B InP-based active region and (100) GaAs-based distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), with an aim to control the in-plane polarization of output power. Crystal growth on (311)B InP substrates was performed under low-migration conditions to achieve good crystalline quality. The VCSEL was fabricated by wafer bonding, which enables us to combine different materials regardless of their lattice and orientation mismatch without degrading their quality. The VCSEL was polarized with a power extinction ratio of 31 dB.

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Section: Wavelength Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Fabricatmentioning

confidence: 99%

1.3 μm wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting laser fabricated by orientation-mismatched wafer bonding: A prospect for polarization control

Okuno

Geske

Gan

et al. 2003

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Therefore, excessive noise occurring in switching of the direction of polarization [1] is problematic. This is a significant difficulty, especially for single mode elements, when there is external feedback noise, and the control technique for the polarization and transverse modes will be important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarization and transverse mode control of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with metal nano‐structure

Hashizume

Koyama

2007

Electron Comm Jpn Pt II

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SUMMARYThe surface emitting laser is one of the leading candidates for a light source supporting next-generation ultrahigh-speed optical linking techniques. However, in surface emitting lasers, especially for the single mode elements, the challenges include increasing the single mode output and stabilizing the polarization direction, and thus the technique for controlling the polarization and transverse modes is important. In this study, we propose a surface emitting laser with a metal nanoscale aperture array whose permeability shows a strong polarization dependence, formed on a p-type semiconductor multilayered film reflector, as a new method for controlling the polarization and transverse modes, and in addition, we explain the potential of its polarization and transverse mode control.

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“…These polarization switches lead to additional noise, 5 which is a drawback in data communication. Since the emission wavelength of the lasers changes in the case of a polarization switch, one has to ensure that VCSELs used for spectroscopy are polarization-stable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of polarization-stable single- and multi-mode surface grating VCSELs towards high fabrication tolerance and superior performance

2006

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Monolithically integrated surface gratings have proven to control the polarization of vertical-cavity surfaceemitting lasers (VCSELs) very reliably and effectively. To overcome the drawbacks of these devices with respect to threshold current or differential quantum efficiency we will present in this paper monolithically integrated surface gratings with a modified longitudinal position relative to the standing wave inside the laser cavity. It turns out that an optimum is reached for an additional quarter-wave layer on top of the upper Bragg mirror. In that way the diffraction from the grating and therefore its influence on the other laser properties like threshold, differential quantum efficiency or maximum output power can be reduced significantly, while the polarization control is still maintained. At the same time the requirements on the fabrication accuracy are very relaxed. 118 out of 120 fabricated devices with grating periods between 0.5 and 1.2 µm and grating depths between 35 and 105 nm exhibit a stable polarization orthogonal to the grating grooves. If one limits the lateral extension of the grating to a diameter smaller than the oxide aperture of the laser, the single-mode output power can be increased simultaneously.

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Excess intensity noise originated from polarization fluctuation in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Cited by 57 publications

References 13 publications

1.3 μm wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting laser fabricated by orientation-mismatched wafer bonding: A prospect for polarization control

1.3 μm wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting laser fabricated by orientation-mismatched wafer bonding: A prospect for polarization control

Polarization and transverse mode control of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with metal nano‐structure

Optimization of polarization-stable single- and multi-mode surface grating VCSELs towards high fabrication tolerance and superior performance

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