Excess Infections Due to Antimicrobial Resistance: The “Attributable Fraction”

Barza, Michael; Travers, Karin

doi:10.1086/340250

Cited by 118 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The disease usually is associated with the consumption of undercooked poultry, particularly chicken (Shane 2000). Approximately 17 000 cases of Campylobacter infections per year have been recorded in the USA alone and most of them were antibiotic-resistant isolates (Barza and Travers 2002). A large proportion of commercial broiler chickens are colonized by campylobacters leading to high numbers of the pathogen on finished poultry products.…”

Section: Examples Of Applications Of Bacteriophage As a Biocontrol Agmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophages: the possible solution to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria

El‐Shibiny

El-Sahhar

2017

Can. J. Microbiol.

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Since their discovery in 1915, bacteriophages have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans because of their unique ability to infect their specific bacterial hosts without affecting other bacterial populations. The research carried out in this field throughout the 20th century, largely in Georgia, part of USSR and Poland, led to the establishment of phage therapy protocols. However, the discovery of penicillin and sulfonamide antibiotics in the Western World during the 1930s was a setback in the advancement of phage therapy. The misuse of antibiotics has reduced their efficacy in controlling pathogens and has led to an increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophages have become a topic of interest with the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which are a threat to public health. Recent studies have indicated that bacteriophages can be used indirectly to detect pathogenic bacteria or directly as biocontrol agents. Moreover, they can be used to develop new molecules for clinical applications, vaccine production, drug design, and in the nanomedicine field via phage display.Key words: bacteriophages, antibiotics, biocontrol, infection, pathogenesis.Résumé : Les bactériophages ont été utilisés pour traiter des infections bactériennes chez l'animal et l'humain depuis leur découverte en 1915, à cause de leur capacité unique d'infecter leurs hôtes bactériens spécifiques, sans affecter les autres populations bactériennes. La recherche réalisée dans ce domaine au cours du vingtième siècle, principalement en Géorgie, dans une partie de l'URSS et en Pologne, a mené à l'établissement de protocoles thérapeutiques à partir de phages. Cependant, la découverte de la pénicilline et des antibiotiques sulfamidés au cours des années 1930 a retardé l'avancement de la thérapie par les phages. Le mauvais usage des antibiotiques depuis leur découverte a résulté en une augmentation du nombre de bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques et une réduction de leur efficacité à contrôler d'importants pathogènes. Les bactériophages sont devenus un sujet d'intérêt comme alternative aux antibiotiques avec l'émergence de bactéries multirésistantes qui constituent une menace à la santé publique. Des études récentes ont indiqué que les bactériophages peuvent être utilisés indirectement pour détecter les bactéries pathogènes, ou directement, comme agents de contrôle biologique. De plus, ils peuvent être utilisés pour développer de nouvelles molécules à des fins d'applications cliniques, de production de vaccins, dans la conception de médicaments et dans le domaine de la nanomédecine, par l'exposition sur phage. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Section: Examples Of Applications Of Bacteriophage As a Biocontrol Agmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophages: the possible solution to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria

El‐Shibiny

El-Sahhar

2017

Can. J. Microbiol.

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“…41,42 Prolonged antimicrobial use can cause changes in gastro-intestinal flora and a decreased barrier to bacterial colonisation, facilitating Salmonella infection. 47,48 Bhan et al have found a significant association between the presence of serum antiHelicobacter pylori IgG antibodies and typhoid fever. 49 In a study in Vietnam, lower risk of typhoid was found to be associated with nucleotide polymorphisms in specific HLA alleles and the TNF-alpha promoter.…”

Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid fever: a review

Paul¹,

Bandyopadhyay²

2017

Int J Adv Med

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Typhoid fever is still a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mostly affected by this disease, yet the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adult populations also. In India, most of the cases of typhoid fever are diagnosed clinically, or at the most by the Widal test which is not fool proof. The disease typhoid fever is an orally transmitted communicable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is usually caused by consuming impure water and contaminated food. Salmonella typhi is serologically positive for lipopolysaccharide antigens O9 and O12, protein ﬂagellar antigen Hd, and polysaccharide capsular antigen Vi. S. typhi Vi-positive strains are more infectious and virulent than Vi-negative strains. Following the incubation period of 7 to 14 days, there is onset of fever and malaise. The fever is then accompanied by chills, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vague abdominal discomfort, dry cough and myalgia. These are followed by coated tongue, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Azithromycin (10mg/kg) given once daily for seven days has proven eﬀective in the treatment of typhoid fever in some adults and children. A dose of 1g per day for ﬁve days was also found to be more effective in most adults. Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral Ceﬁxime (15-20mg per kg per day, for adults, 100-200mg twice daily) has been widely used. Intravenous third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) are eﬀective. Aztreonam and imipenem are potential third line drugs.

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“…In particular in children, in the elderly and in immunocompromised patients, however, the disease can be severe and effective antimicrobial treatment can be life saving. Another potential consequence of resistance is an increased incidence of salmonellosis in patients who, for unrelated reasons, are taking antimicrobials (Barza and Travers, 2002). …”

Section: Adverse Effects On Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to the use of antimicrobials for the control of Salmonella in poultry

2004

EFSA Journal

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Excess Infections Due to Antimicrobial Resistance: The “Attributable Fraction”

Cited by 118 publications

References 16 publications

Bacteriophages: the possible solution to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria

Bacteriophages: the possible solution to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria

Typhoid fever: a review

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to the use of antimicrobials for the control of Salmonella in poultry

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