“…These case studies have tended to be written by authors based in the bidding nation, indicating that failed bids may harvest interest domestically, but perhaps not beyond its borders. As such, case studies group around a small number of cities: Berlin (Alberts, 2009), Cape Town (Swart & Bob, 2004), Chicago 216 (Leopkey, Salisbury and Tinaz, 2019), Istanbul (Bilsel & Zelef, 2011), Manchester (Cook & Ward, 2011;), New York (Moss, 2011), Pyeongchang (Kim et al, 2015;Merkel & Kim, 2011), and Toronto (Bellas & Oliver, 2016;Oliver, 2011;Oliver, 2014).…”