Examining Crowding Using a Real Three-Dimensional Experimental Setup

Eberhardt, Lisa Valentina; Huckauf, Anke

doi:10.1515/prolas-2017-0055

Cited by 6 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Since the depth of field is given in diopters, its absolute size in object space depends on fixation distance, with blur being more informative for smaller distances from the observer. Taking into account empirical estimates showing a DOF of ± 0.3 dpt for a pupil diameter of 3 mm (e.g., Campbell, 1957) shows that defocused depths in Eberhardt and Huckauf (2017) were clearly within the DOF.…”

Section: Crowding In Depthmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Although the spatial arrangement of stimuli was shown to be an important factor in crowding, the third spatial dimension, depth, has rarely been studied in crowding. Only a few studies have investigated the extent of crowding when the stimuli's depth was manipulated (Astle, McGovern, & McGraw, 2014;Eberhardt & Huckauf, 2017;Felisberti et al, 2005;Kooi, Levi, Tripathy, & Toet, 1994;Sayim, Westheimer, & Herzog, 2008). Most of them examine the assumption that differences between target and flanker depth (among other stimulus features like contrast or shape) reduce crowding (Astle et al, 2014;Felisberti et al, 2005;Kooi et al, 1994;Sayim et al, 2008).…”

Section: Crowding In Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, observations from virtual depth are not simply transferable to real depth, that is, natural viewing conditions. Eberhardt and Huckauf (2017) describe how to examine crowding in real depth: With a real-depth presentation, target and adjacent flanker stimuli were always presented at the same depth, but deviated from the depth of fixation. Thus, subjects had to fixate at a certain distance while in front of or behind this fixation distance the flanked target stimulus was presented.…”

Section: Crowding In Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of the present study was to investigate crowding for natural viewing. Therefore, the experimental approach of our former study (Eberhardt & Huckauf, 2017) was replicated and expanded by increasing the range of distances from fixation depth further in depth. Nevertheless, all defocused distances are still within the depth of field.…”

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the same real three-dimensional experimental setup as in our former study (Eberhardt & Huckauf, 2017) was used to investigate crowding effects within the depth of field. In addition to defocused depths near to the fixated depth, two more depth planes farther away from fixated depth were applied.…”

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crowding in depth for binocular and monocular observation

Eberhardt¹,

Huckauf²

2019

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Crowding refers to the phenomenon of reduced recognition performance for peripherally presented targets that are flanked by similar stimuli. Crowding is known to vary with lateral distances (i.e., effects of target eccentricity and inter-character spacing). In the present experiment, we examined how crowding is affected by the distance of the stimuli in depth for natural viewing, i.e., for binocular observation of a real depth presentation. Superimposing the displays of two orthogonally arranged screens with a halftransparent mirror created real-depth presentation. We measured recognition performance of flanked compared to isolated targets that were presented at fixation depth, or in depths deviating from fixation depth (defocused). For both defocused directions (i.e., in front of and behind fixation depth), a near as well as a far distance from fixation was applied. Participants' task was to fixate a central cross at a constant distance (190 cm), and to indicate the gap position of an isolated or flanked Landolt ring that was presented at an eccentricity of 2°, on, in front of, or behind fixation depth. Results for natural binocular observation revealed increased crowding effects when stimuli were far compared to near from the fixation plane in depth. This resembles the common effect of eccentricity. Under monocular viewing, that is, without disparity information, crowding did not increase with increased depth distance. Thus, the result seemed to be an effect of binocular observation in real depth. This suggests that crowding in natural viewing might serve as a mechanism to stabilize and orient attention efficiently in three-dimensional space.

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Section: Crowding In Depthmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Crowding In Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crowding In Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Crowding in depth for binocular and monocular observation

Eberhardt¹,

Huckauf²

2019

Atten Percept Psychophys

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Large depth differences between target and flankers can increase crowding: Evidence from a multi-depth plane display

Smithers

Shao

Altham

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Crowding occurs when highly visible objects are rendered unrecognizable in the presence of nearby features. Several studies have demonstrated that crowding can be reduced by depth differences between target and flanking features, which challenges the assumption of real-world significance because real objects typically occur at differing depths. However, most previous studies tested only small differences in depth and/or used standard stereo displays in which disparity, accommodation, and defocus blur are inconsistent with the real world. For this study we developed a multi-depth plane display consisting of three screens at different distances from the observer to test how crowding is affected by large, real differences in target-flanker depth. Overall, perceptual error decreased with increasing target-flanker spacing, but increased when the target or flankers were displayed at a different depth from fixation and one another. Our findings demonstrate that depth can increase crowding when depth differences are large. Analysis of the perceived appearance of the stimuli suggest that outside Panum's Fusional Area, crowding is increased by suppression to maintain single vision rather than by an increase in clutter because of diplopia. These findings suggest that crowding may be a more significant problem in real scenes than is estimated with 2D displays.

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Close - but not distant - conditioned flanker emotion affects crowding

2021

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Crowding is affected by conditioned stimulus emotion. This effect is clearly observed for conditioned flankers, but only marginally pronounced for conditioned targets. Studies on the processing of emotional stimuli suggest that the magnitude of the emotional effect depends on the presentation depth in that effects of emotion increase with decreasing distance to the observer in depth. Based on respective findings, we investigate crowding with stimuli of conditioned negative and neutral emotion across real depth; that is, stimuli were either presented closer, at or farther away than the fixation depth. Conditioned emotion of flankers affected crowding when flankers were presented closer than or at fixation depth, which is also the distance the target was presented at. Farther away than the fixation depth, flanker emotion did not alter crowding ( Experiment 1 a). Conditioned target emotion, however, did only show weak effects on crowding; neither when flankers ( Experiment 1 b) nor when targets were varied in depth ( Experiment 2 ) there was a clear effect of target emotion, replicating findings in two-dimensional settings. Taken together, the results suggest that flanker's emotional associations can become important for crowding, although, it depends on the special processing characteristics of stimulus emotion in depth. The conditioned emotion of targets scarcely affected crowding.

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Examining Crowding Using a Real Three-Dimensional Experimental Setup

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Crowding in depth for binocular and monocular observation

Crowding in depth for binocular and monocular observation

Large depth differences between target and flankers can increase crowding: Evidence from a multi-depth plane display

Close - but not distant - conditioned flanker emotion affects crowding

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