Close - but not distant - conditioned flanker emotion affects crowding

Eberhardt, Lisa Valentina; Pittino, Ferdinand; Huckauf, Anke

doi:10.1167/jov.21.8.22

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…To our knowledge, four studies have investigated the effect of depth on crowding using a real depth display. All four studies used two orthogonally positioned screens viewed through a half-transparent mirror allowing stimuli to be displayed on two different depth planes simultaneously ( Eberhardt et al, 2021 ; Eberhardt and Huckauf, 2019 ; Eberhardt and Huckauf, 2017 ; Eberhardt and Huckauf, 2020 ). Eberhardt and Huckauf, 2017 kept a target and flankers at the same depth and presented them 0.06 diopters (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large depth differences between target and flankers can increase crowding: Evidence from a multi-depth plane display

Smithers,

Shao,

Altham

et al. 2023

eLife

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Crowding occurs when the presence of nearby features causes highly visible objects to become unrecognizable. Although crowding has implications for many everyday tasks and the tremendous amounts of research reflect its importance, surprisingly little is known about how depth affects crowding. Most available studies show that stereoscopic disparity reduces crowding, indicating that crowding may be relatively unimportant in three-dimensional environments. However, most previous studies tested only small stereoscopic differences in depth in which disparity, defocus blur, and accommodation are inconsistent with the real world. Using a novel multi-depth plane display, this study investigated how large (0.54–2.25 diopters), real differences in target-flanker depth, representative of those experienced between many objects in the real world, affect crowding. Our findings show that large differences in target-flanker depth increased crowding in the majority of observers, contrary to previous work showing reduced crowding in the presence of small depth differences. Furthermore, when the target was at fixation depth, crowding was generally more pronounced when the flankers were behind the target as opposed to in front of it. However, when the flankers were at fixation depth, crowding was generally more pronounced when the target was behind the flankers. These findings suggest that crowding from clutter outside the limits of binocular fusion can still have a significant impact on object recognition and visual perception in the peripheral field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large depth differences between target and flankers can increase crowding: Evidence from a multi-depth plane display

Smithers,

Shao,

Altham

et al. 2023

eLife

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To our knowledge, four studies have investigated the effect of depth on crowding using a real depth display. All four studies used two orthogonally positioned screens viewed through a half-transparent mirror allowing stimuli to be displayed on two different depth planes simultaneously (Eberhardt et al, 2021; Eberhardt and Huckauf, 2019, 2017, 2020). Eberhardt and Huckauf (2017) kept a target and flankers at the same depth and presented them 0.06 diopters in front, behind or at the same depth as fixation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large depth differences between target and flankers can increase crowding: Evidence from a multi-depth plane display

Smithers

Shao

Altham

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Crowding occurs when highly visible objects are rendered unrecognizable in the presence of nearby features. Several studies have demonstrated that crowding can be reduced by depth differences between target and flanking features, which challenges the assumption of real-world significance because real objects typically occur at differing depths. However, most previous studies tested only small differences in depth and/or used standard stereo displays in which disparity, accommodation, and defocus blur are inconsistent with the real world. For this study we developed a multi-depth plane display consisting of three screens at different distances from the observer to test how crowding is affected by large, real differences in target-flanker depth. Overall, perceptual error decreased with increasing target-flanker spacing, but increased when the target or flankers were displayed at a different depth from fixation and one another. Our findings demonstrate that depth can increase crowding when depth differences are large. Analysis of the perceived appearance of the stimuli suggest that outside Panum's Fusional Area, crowding is increased by suppression to maintain single vision rather than by an increase in clutter because of diplopia. These findings suggest that crowding may be a more significant problem in real scenes than is estimated with 2D displays.

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“…Interestingly, learning can be specific for the target and the flankers. Eberhardt, Pittino, and Huckauf (2021) investigated how the presentation depth of target and flankers modulated the emotional conditioning effect where performance deteriorates when flanker features are negatively conditioned. They presented target and flankers in different (real) depth planes, and found that negatively conditioned flankers (but not targets) yielded worse performance than neutrally conditioned flankers when the flankers were presented closer than or at fixation depth, suggesting that emotional conditioning of stimulus parts does not only depend on whether they are targets or flankers but also at what relative position they are presented.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%