Crowding in depth for binocular and monocular observation

Eberhardt, Lisa Valentina; Huckauf, Anke

doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01700-z

Cited by 5 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Thus, with defocus blur as the only possibly available depth cue, flanker depth did not affect target recognition differentially. This replicates earlier findings [ 32 ] and is in line with the fact that all of the depths were within the depth of field [ 39 ]. Taken together, monocular data suggest that the observed effects of flanker depth are driven rather by binocular depth information than by defocus blur.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Effects Of Flanker Direction and Distance Isupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Thus, one interesting question is to what extent flankers are processed when they deviate in depth. The data of monocular observation in Experiment 1 showed that flanker resolution due to defocus blur has no impact within the present range in depth, replicating earlier findings [ 32 ] and supporting what would be expected from the literature on depth of field (e.g., [ 39 ]).…”

Section: Post-hoc Analysis For Experiments 1 Andsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The apparatus consisted of two orthogonally arranged screens that were adjustable along a rail [ 32 , 33 ]. The displays of these two screens were superimposed by a half-transparent mirror, which enabled real depth presentation.…”

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Experiment 1 aimed at investigating which extent potential effects of real depth are driven by binocular depth information by applying a monocular control condition: If monocularly available defocus blur accounts for differences in depth, the effects of flanker distance and direction in depth should occur similarly under monocular and binocular observation. If differences in depth are mainly driven by binocular depth information, crowding effects across depth for monocular observation should not vary with flanker depth (compare [ 32 ]).…”

Section: Experiments 1: Effects Of Flanker Direction and Distance Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One previous study that was conducted in real depth on the effect of depth on crowding suggests that there is a fixation-centered effect in depth, analogous to the effect of eccentricity in two-dimensional space (2D): Eberhardt and Huckauf [ 32 ] presented strings of target and flankers in various defocused depth planes. Their results show that the larger the strings´ distance in depth from the fixation plane, the stronger the crowding effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crowding Effects across Depth Are Fixation-Centered for Defocused Flankers and Observer-Centered for Defocused Targets

Eberhardt

Huckauf

2020

Brain Sciences

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Depth needs to be considered to understand visual information processing in cluttered environments in the wild. Since differences in depth depend on current gaze position, eye movements were avoided by short presentations in a real depth setup. Thus, allowing only peripheral vision, crowding was tested. That is, the impairment of peripheral target recognition by the presence of nearby flankers was measured. Real depth was presented by a half-transparent mirror that aligned the displays of two orthogonally arranged, distance-adjustable screens. Fixation depth was at a distance of 190 cm, defocused depth planes were presented either near or far, in front of or behind the fixation depth, all within the depth of field. In Experiments 1 and 2, flankers were presented defocused, while the to-be-identified targets were on the fixation depth plane. In Experiments 3–5, targets were presented defocused, while the flankers were kept on the fixation depth plane. Results for defocused flankers indicate increased crowding effects with increased flanker distance from the target at focus (near to far). However, for defocused targets, crowding for targets in front of the focus as compared to behind was increased. Thus, defocused targets produce decreased crowding with increased target distance from the observer. To conclude, the effects of flankers in depth seem to be centered around fixation, while effects of target depth seem to be observer-centered.

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Section: Experiments 1: Effects Of Flanker Direction and Distance Isupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Post-hoc Analysis For Experiments 1 Andsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experiments 1: Effects Of Flanker Direction and Distance Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Crowding Effects across Depth Are Fixation-Centered for Defocused Flankers and Observer-Centered for Defocused Targets

Eberhardt

Huckauf

2020

Brain Sciences

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Visual search in virtual 3D space: the relation of multiple targets and distractors

Plewan

Rinkenauer

2021

Psychological Research

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Visual search and attentional alignment in 3D space are potentially modulated by information in unattended depth planes. The number of relevant and irrelevant items as well as their spatial relations may be regarded as factors which contribute to such effects. On a behavioral level, it might be different whether multiple distractors are presented in front of or behind target items. However, several studies revealed that attention cannot be restricted to a single depth plane. To further investigate this issue, two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, participants searched for (multiple) targets in one depth plane, while non-target items (distractors) were simultaneously presented in this or another depth plane. In the second experiment, an additional spatial cue was presented with different validities to highlight the target position. Search durations were generally shorter when the search array contained two additional targets and were markedly longer when three distractors were displayed. The latter effect was most pronounced when a single target and three distractors coincided in the same depth plane and this effect persisted even when the target position was validly cued. The study reveals that the depth relation of target and distractor stimuli was more important than the absolute distance between these objects. Furthermore, the present findings suggest that within an attended depth plane, irrelevant information elicits strong interference. In sum, this study provides further evidence that allocation of attention is a flexible process which may be modulated by a variety of perceptual and cognitive factors.

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Large depth differences between target and flankers can increase crowding: Evidence from a multi-depth plane display

Smithers

Shao

Altham

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Crowding occurs when highly visible objects are rendered unrecognizable in the presence of nearby features. Several studies have demonstrated that crowding can be reduced by depth differences between target and flanking features, which challenges the assumption of real-world significance because real objects typically occur at differing depths. However, most previous studies tested only small differences in depth and/or used standard stereo displays in which disparity, accommodation, and defocus blur are inconsistent with the real world. For this study we developed a multi-depth plane display consisting of three screens at different distances from the observer to test how crowding is affected by large, real differences in target-flanker depth. Overall, perceptual error decreased with increasing target-flanker spacing, but increased when the target or flankers were displayed at a different depth from fixation and one another. Our findings demonstrate that depth can increase crowding when depth differences are large. Analysis of the perceived appearance of the stimuli suggest that outside Panum's Fusional Area, crowding is increased by suppression to maintain single vision rather than by an increase in clutter because of diplopia. These findings suggest that crowding may be a more significant problem in real scenes than is estimated with 2D displays.

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Crowding in depth for binocular and monocular observation

Cited by 5 publications

References 53 publications

Crowding Effects across Depth Are Fixation-Centered for Defocused Flankers and Observer-Centered for Defocused Targets

Crowding Effects across Depth Are Fixation-Centered for Defocused Flankers and Observer-Centered for Defocused Targets

Visual search in virtual 3D space: the relation of multiple targets and distractors

Large depth differences between target and flankers can increase crowding: Evidence from a multi-depth plane display

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