“…Several studies have probed technologies related to VR and its effect on science education regarding; (a) conceptual change (Clark & Mayer, 2016), (b) laboratory work (Freeman, Eddy, McDonough, Smith, Okoroafor, Jordt, & Wenderoth, 2014), (c) science inquiry-based 2 / 13 learning (Crawford, Capps, van Driel, Lederman, Lederman, Luft, & Wong, 2014), (d) scientific argumentation (Choi, Hand, & Greenbowe, 2013), and (e) spatial ability (Lamb, 2016;Lamb, Annetta, Firestone, & Etopio, 2018). The results of these studies are mostly limited to illustrating learners' attitudes related to VR (e.g., satisfaction or perceived usefulness), and only hint at possible improvement in student outcomes related to skill development and content.…”