Ex Situ and in Situ Observations of the Surface Morphology of the (010) Face of Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KAP) Crystals

On the mechanism of impurity influence on growth kinetics and surface morphology of KDP crystals—II: experimental study of influence of bivalent and trivalent impurity ions on growth kinetics and surface morphology of KDP crystals

“…Our experiments were performed using the methods described in our earlier papers [3,4]. The experiments concerning crystal growth kinetics [3] were carried out in crystallization unit with a pump of the volume of about 1000 cm 3 .…”

“…In the last case, we used a solvent evaporation technique [4] at room temperature (20-22 1C). After the completion of growth, the crystals were quickly removed from the crystallizer using the procedure described previously in Ref.…”

“…After the completion of growth, the crystals were quickly removed from the crystallizer using the procedure described previously in Ref. [4] in which it was also showed that the surface morphology of crystals grown in the diffusion and kinetic growth regime does not considerably differ from each other. The observations of surface morphology were performed with an optical microscope Neophot in reflected light.…”

On the mechanism of impurity influence on growth kinetics and surface morphology of KDP crystals—I: defect centres formed by bivalent and trivalent impurity ions incorporated in KDP structure—theoretical study

“…The initial growth-promoting effect of impurities (GPEI) was observed [10] in case of KAP (C 8 H 5 O 4 K) and KDP (KH 2 PO 4 ) crystals growing in the presence of various organic additives and it was discussed [10] in terms of the chemical nature of the materials used in the experiments and changes in the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters involved in the crystal growth models. The investigations of the surface morphology of the (0 1 0) face of KAP crystals also showed [11] that the GPEI can be connected with the dehydration of crystal faces as a result of interaction between impurity ions in solution and water molecules (or OH-group) adsorbed on crystal faces.…”