Evolutionary conservation of alternative activation of macrophages: Structural and functional characterization of arginase 1 and 2 in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Head Kidney-Derived Macrophages of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Show Plasticity and Functional Polarization upon Differential Stimulation

“…The up-regulation of arginase, CXCR1, and CXCR2 after cAMP stimulation (alternative activation) is comparable to the mammalian situation where CXCR1 and CXCR2 gene expression are up-regulated in alternatively activated macrophages (3). Increased arginase expression in alternatively activated macrophages confirms our previous findings (16); the increased CXCR1 and CXCR2 gene expression is, however, a new finding. We suggest that CXCR1 and CXCR2 might be useful new surface markers for alternative macrophage activation in fish.…”

“…Recently, we described the possible conservation of alternative macrophage activation down to teleost fish (16). In the present study, we used cAMP to stimulate arginase activity, as a measure of alternative activation.…”

“…Macrophage activation in fish has been well studied with regard to NO production (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and ROS (12)(13)(14)(15). Recently, we described carp arginase gene expression and activity, which can be used as markers for alternatively activated macrophages, and we proposed an evolutionary conservation of alternatively activated macrophages down to teleost fish (16).…”

Criteria for Safe Use of Plant Ingredients in Diets for Aquacultured Fish

“…Proline is an essential requirement in the synthesis of collagen and wound healing while the polyamines are strong growth factors essential for cell proliferation and differentiation including in the GIT (McCormack and Johnson, 1991). Arginase is an important player in the biochemistry of the immune system, especially with regard to function of the macrophage (Joerink et al, 2006). Extracellular arginase activity can deplete L-arginine as a macrophage strategy to deny a necessary substrate for proliferation and survival to malignant cells, virus-infected cells, fungi and parasites (Currie et al, 1979;Vincendeau et al, 2003).…”

“…Most of these physiological and pathological implications of arginase and nitric oxide activities are reported in mammalian species and are yet to be fully explored in teleosts. Arginases in fish are reported to participate in L-arginine metabolism and biosynthesis (Wright, 1995;Jenkinson et al, 1996;Berge et al, 1997), alternative activation of macrophages (Joerink et al, 2006), and in biochemical survival strategies in harsh environments (Randall et al, 1989;Wright and Land, 1998;Steele et al, 2001). It can be speculated that arginase inhibition potentially impacts negatively on fish cellular proliferation and differentiation by disrupting polyamine biosynthesis in many tissues including in the intestine where proliferation, differentiation and migration form the basis of homeostasis and adaptive responses of the enterocytes.…”