Evidence of West Nile virus infection in migratory and resident wild birds in west coast of peninsular Malaysia

Ain-Najwa, Mohd Yuseri; Yasmin, Abd Rahaman; Omar, Abdul Rahman; Arshad, Siti Suri; Abu, Jalila; Mohammed, Hussni O.; Kumar, Kiven; Loong, Shih Keng; Rovie-Ryan, Jeffrine J.; Mohd-Kharip-Shah, Ahmad-Khusaini

doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100134

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, WNV IgG-based ELISA is a reliable marker in screening the presence of WNV neutralizing antibodies when vaccination and infection of WNV have been absent in the past. Hence, the usage of the kit fits the purpose of our study [ 46 ]. Whilst it is recognized that ELISA tests cannot absolutely define the serological specificity of samples that may contain antigenically cross-reactive epitopes, for example, with closely-related flaviviruses such as Usutu virus or Japanese encephalitis virus [ 27 ], this study provides baseline data implying that WNV could be carried by resident and migratory overflying birds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh

Islam

Hossain

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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West Nile Virus (WNV) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. To detect WNV and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012–2016 from four districts in Bangladesh. We tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against WNV using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (c-PCR) for the detection of the flavivirus RNA. Overall, we detected 11.9% (n = 22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.16) samples were seropositive, including 15.9% in the migratory wild birds and 10.7% in the resident wild birds. The migratory wild Tufted duck showed 28.5% seropositivity, whereas the resident wild house crows showed 12.5% seropositivity. None of the swab samples was positive for flavivirus RNA infection (0%, n = 184; 95% CI: 0–0.019). These study findings recommend continued surveillance for early detection and to better understand the epidemiology of WNV and other flavivirus circulation in both birds and mosquitoes in Bangladesh.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh

Islam

Hossain

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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“…The concentration and purity of the RNA extracted were determined using a BioPhotometer (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). Synthetic plasmid was used as a positive control and for the RT-PCR primer set which targeted highly conserved regions between WNV Capsid (C) and Pre-Membrane (prM) proteins, as previously described by Ain-Najwa et al [ 15 ] ( Table S1 ). The one-step RT-PCR using MyTaq (Bioline, Memphis, TN, USA) in a total of 25 μL reaction was performed, as previously described by Ain-Najwa et al [ 15 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic plasmid was used as a positive control and for the RT-PCR primer set which targeted highly conserved regions between WNV Capsid (C) and Pre-Membrane (prM) proteins, as previously described by Ain-Najwa et al [ 15 ] ( Table S1 ). The one-step RT-PCR using MyTaq (Bioline, Memphis, TN, USA) in a total of 25 μL reaction was performed, as previously described by Ain-Najwa et al [ 15 ]. Gel electrophoresis was conducted to view the amplification of positive reactions visualized by the presence of a 470-bp amplicon fragment between C and prM genes aligned with a positive control band.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sequences obtained were searched using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm ( ). A total of 63 sequences of WNV ( Table S2 ) including 16 sequences based on a previous study [ 15 ] were included in the sequences alignment using Multiple Sequence Alignment (MAFFT) software version 7. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-joining with the Maximum Composite Likelihood model in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) 7 [ 19 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study by Marlina et al [ 13 ] reported a WNV seroprevalence of 1.21% (9/742) in the Orang Asli from several states in Peninsular Malaysia. Additionally, Rais et al [ 14 ] and Ain-Najwa et al [ 15 ] reported a WNV seroprevalence of 4.41% (3/68) in captive birds and 18.71% (29/155) in wild birds, respectively. In 1970, a sub-type of WNV designated as the Kunjin Virus (KUNV), which was originally endemic in Australia was detected in Culex pseudovishnui mosquitoes in Sarawak, a Malaysian state of Borneo [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to Zoonotic West Nile Virus in Long-Tailed Macaques and Bats in Peninsular Malaysia

Ain-Najwa

Yasmin

Arshad

et al. 2020

Animals

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The role of wildlife such as wild birds, macaques, and bats in the spreading and maintenance of deadly zoonotic pathogens in nature have been well documented in many parts of the world. One such pathogen is the mosquitoes borne virus, namely the West Nile Virus (WNV). Previous research has shown that 1:7 and 1:6 Malaysian wild birds are WNV antibody and RNA positive, respectively, and bats in North America may not be susceptible to the WNV infection. This study was conducted to determine the status of WNV in Malaysian macaques and bats found in mangrove forests and caves, respectively. Archive sera and oropharyngeal swabs from long-tailed macaques were subjected to the antibody detection using WNV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and WNV RNA using RT-PCR, respectively, while the archive oropharyngeal and rectal swabs from bats were subjected to RT-PCR without serological analysis due to the unavailability of serum samples. The analysis revealed a WNV seropositivity of 29.63% (24/81) and none of the macaques were positive for WNV RNA. Meanwhile, 12.2% (5/41) of the bats from Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, and Rhinolophidae families tested positive for WNV RNA. Here, we show a high WNV antibody prevalence in macaques and a moderate WNV RNA in various Malaysian bat species, suggesting that WNV circulates through Malaysian wild animals and Malaysian bat species may be susceptible to the WNV infection.

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