Evidence of early tobacco in Northeastern North America?

Estudio de microfósiles de residuos adheridos en pipas cerámicas del sitio Villa JMC-1 Labranza, Región de la Araucanía

“…De haberse introducido por contaminación los granos de almidón, se encontrarían con similar frecuencia en ambos sectores de la pipa. La asociación clara de estos almidones a la boquilla indica de alguna manera que se dan procesos de conservación diferenciados en ambos contextos (boquilla y hornillo) inherentes al acto de fumar, ya que los almidones tenderían a ser destruidos en el hornillo por las altas temperaturas de la combustión directa (Rafferty 2006;Muñoz y Peña 2009). La confirmación del uso de tabaco en estas pipas, sería de suma importancia para la comprensión de los complejos fumatorios de la región sur de Chile, ya que sólo se dispone referencias en las fuentes escritas.…”

Dental calculus as a source of ancient alkaloids: Detection of nicotine by LC-MS in calculus samples from the Americas

“…), in dental calculus. Because nicotine is relatively stable and can survive over archaeological time scales (Rafferty, 2002(Rafferty, , 2006Rafferty et al, 2012;Tushingham et al, 2013), and is typically introduced to the body via the mouth, we hypothesized that it may preserve in dental calculus. Tracing the ancient spread of tobacco in the Americas has traditionally relied on the presence of pipes and/or charred tobacco seeds (e.g., Adair, 2000;Adams and Toll, 2000;Carrasco et al, 2015;Echeverría et al, 2014;Gili et al, 2017;Haberman, 1984;Pauketat et al, 2002;Wagner, 2000;papers in Bollwerk andTushingham, 2016, Rafferty andMann, 2004), and more rarely preserved leaves, and/or quids (e.g., Adams et al, 2015;Fewkes, 1912:143;Jones, 1935;Morris, 1960) andpollen (e.g., Cummings, 2000).…”

“…While some have suggested that tobacco use was late, appearing in southeast North America only around 1000 CE, and as late as the historic period in the American southwest (Ford, 1981), more recent work suggests a much greater antiquity. Data from eastern and southwestern North America suggests use of tobacco by 2000-3000 years ago, though the particular species of tobacco is not known (Adams, 1990;Haberman, 1984;Pauketat et al, 2002;Rafferty, 2002Rafferty, , 2006Rafferty et al, 2012;Winter, 2000a). As well, there seems to be consensus that Nicotiana rustica reached the Eastern USA and Canada from South America by 3000 and 2000 years ago.…”

“…Nicotiana tabacum appears to spread to parts of the southwestern United States and the Caribbean sometime afterward (cf. Winter, 2000aWinter, , 2000bRafferty, 2006). Recent DNA analyses of several quids from Antelope Cave, Arizona, also shows that wild tobaccos were commonly chewed as long as 2000 years ago (Adams et al, 2015).…”

El polen de especies del género Nicotiana (Solanaceae) presentes en Chile: Evaluación de la utilidad de sus caracteres morfológicos como biomarcadores en estudios arqueológicos

“…pistilos provenientes de diversos sitios del área Surandina (Capparelli et al 2006, Andreoni et al 2012, Quiroz et al 2012, Planella et al 2012a, Echeverría et al 2014, Planella et al 2014, en residuos de pipas de sitios en Norteamérica (Rafferty 2002, 2006, Eerkens et al 2012, Tushingham et al 2013, y en el cabello de individuos prehispánicos momificados en Sudamérica (Musshoff et al 2009, Echeverría & Niemeyer 2013 .…”