“…We depicted the continuous northward shift pattern of S. canicula previously stated in several studies (Ellis et al., 2004; Rindorf et al., 2020; Sguotti et al., 2016; Townhill et al., 2023), coupled with a shift in depth. Before population depletion in the 1990s (Amelot et al., 2021), R. clavata was historically widespread around the British Isles (Ellis et al., 2004) and across the southern North Sea (Sguotti et al., 2016). After the 2000s, abundance increased in the North Sea (Rindorf et al., 2020) and in the eastern English Channel (Elliott, Bearup, et al., 2020), particularly with the fisheries ban on Undulate Ray ( Raja undulata ; 2009–2015), since R. undulata has a similar niche as R. clavata (Elliott, Bearup, et al., 2020; Elliott, Carpentier, et al., 2020).…”