M‐Risk: A framework for assessing global fisheries management efficacy of sharks, rays and chimaeras

Abstract

Fisheries management is essential to guarantee sustainable capture of target species and avoid undesirable declines of incidentally captured species. A key challenge is halting and reversing declines of shark and ray species, and specifically assessing the degree to which management is sufficient to avoid declines in relatively data‐poor fisheries. While ecological risk analyses focus on intrinsic ‘productivity’ and extrinsic ‘susceptibility’, one would ideally consider the influence of ‘fisheries management’. Currently, there is no single management evaluation that can be applied to a combination of fishery types at the scale of individual country or Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Here, we outline a management‐risk (M‐Risk) framework for sharks, rays and chimaeras used to evaluate species' risk of overfishing resulting from ineffective management. We illustrate our approach with application to one country (Ecuador) and RFMO (Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission) and illustrate the variation in scores among species. We found that while both management units assessed had similar overall scores, the scores for individual attributes varied. Ecuador scored higher in reporting‐related attributes, while the IATTC scored higher in attributes related to data collection and use. We evaluated whether the management of individual species was sufficient for their relative sensitivity by combining the management‐risk score for each species with their intrinsic sensitivity to determine a final M‐Risk score. This framework can be applied to determine which species face the greatest risk of overfishing and be used by fisheries managers to identify effective management policies by replicating regulations from countries with lower risk scores.

High overexploitation risk due to management shortfall in highly traded requiem sharks

“…Species assessments were completed by scoring management risk against 21 measurable attributes, as fully explained in Sherman et al. (2022) and described in Supplemental Material 1. The 21 Attributes were split into five classes, three scored for all management units (Management System [ n = 5 Attributes], Fishing Practices & Catch [ n = 5], Compliance, Monitoring & Enforcement [ n = 5]), and two that were specific to either a country ( n = 4) or RFMO ( n = 2).…”

“…Species assessments were completed by scoring management risk against 21 measurable attributes, as fully explained in Sherman et al (2022)…”

“…Here, we ask whether fisheries management is adequate to halt declines and improve the status of requiem sharks. We estimate the risk due to overexploitation based on the current state of global fisheries management for all 56 species from the family Carcharhinidae using a novel rapid assessment of management risk (M‐Risk) (Sherman et al., 2022). Specifically, we ask three questions: (1) how prevalent are requiem sharks in global catch and international trade?…”

Beyond Protection: Recognizing Nature’s Rights to Conserve Sharks

“…Initially, the primary threats to global shark populations, which total 1200 species belonging to the subclass Elasmobranchii, class Chondrichthyes, and are hereafter referred to as 'sharks', were assessed [10,11]. These threats include climate change and habitat degradation, with overfishing, targeted fishing, and the bycatch of sharks being the most pervasive risk to their survival [2,3,[10][11][12][13][14].…”