Evaluation of protective effects of diosmin (a citrus flavonoid) in chemical-induced urolithiasis in experimental rats

Abstract

Context There have not been any conclusive studies of the effects of diosmin, a modified flavanone glycoside obtained from Teucrium gnaphalodes L'Her (Lamiaceae), on urolithiasis. Objective To evaluate anti-urolithiatic effects of diosmin in ammonium chloride and ethylene glycol-induced renal stone in experimental animals. Materials and methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley were divided into five groups (n=6) receiving the following treatments, respectively, p.o. for 15 consecutive days: distilled water, 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol + 2% w/v ammonium chloride, 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol + 2% w/v ammonium chloride + cystone® 750 mg/kg, 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol + 2% w/v ammonium chloride + diosmin 10 mg/kg or 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol + 2% w/v ammonium chloride + diosmin 20 mg/kg. Different biomarkers of urolithiasis in urine and serum were evaluated and histopathological examination of kidney was done. Results Animals treated with diosmin (both 10 and 20 mg/kg) had significantly (p< 0.005) decreased in kidney weight, urinary pH, total urinary protein, urinary calcium, phosphorus, serum potassium, sodium, magnesium, creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen levels and significantly (p < 0.005) increased in urinary volume, urinary magnesium, potassium, sodium, creatinine, uric acid and serum calcium levels in comparison to animals treated with ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride. However, results were better with diosmin 20 mg/kg in comparison to the control group. Conclusion Diosmin (10 and 20 mg/kg) has very good anti-urolithiatic activity similar to the standard drug cystone®.

Dietary Plants for the Prevention and Management of Kidney Stones: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms

“…Diosmin could also prevent the crystallization of stone-forming promoters by keeping the urinary pH at acidic values. This increased urine volume, elevated urinary level of potassium and magnesium, and suppressed level of urinary protein [ 130 ]. Rutin, quercetin, and hyperoside, like diosmin, are known as flavone glycosides with high antioxidant and anti-lithiatic activities.…”

In vitro antilithiatic potential of Kalanchoe pinnata, Emblica officinalis, Bambusa nutans, and Cynodon dactylon

“…[ 30 ] Flavonoid diosmin (10 and 20mg/kg) had shown very good antiurolithiatic activity similar to cystone on ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride–induced urolithiasis in experimental rats. [ 31 ] Polyphenols from grape seed extract prevented CaO x monohydrate–induced papillary calculus formation,[ 32 ] and Piper nigrum polyphenol extract inhibited sodium oxalate–induced oxidative stress in rat kidney. [ 33 ] Procyanidin phenolic compounds isolated from Quercus gilva Blume were effective on acute urolithiasis in the experimental animal.…”

Phytomolecules investigated for the prevention and treatment of urinary stones

“…This nutraceutical agent exerts a nephroprotective effect by attenuating lipid peroxidation and modulating Bax and p53 protein expression 52 . In addition, diosmin has been reported to modulate capillaries and vessels diameter of the cortex; it could prevent urolithiasis by keeping the acidic value of urinary pH; its preventive property against stone formation could also be attributed to the decrease of urinary protein level and the increase of potassium and magnesium urinary levels 53,54 . Thymoquinone (2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) ( Figure 5) is a nonpolar bioactive phytochemical and a major compound of Nigella Sativa seeds that categorized in monoterpenes class; it can be found in other plants like Juniperus Cedrus Webb & Berthel and Tetraclinis articulate (Vahl) Mast.…”