Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, and Histological Changes in Experimental Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

The present study aims to compare the oxidative stress biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histological changes induced by three cardiovascular risk factors, namely, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hypertension was induced with 40 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl (L-NAME) administered orally. Dyslipidemia was induced by the administration of a diet with a high cholesterol (2%) content. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of streptozocin (65 mg/kg). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidative status (TOS) are increased by all three cardiovascular risk factors (up to 207%). The indirect assessment of NO synthesis (NOx) is observed to be reduced after L-NAME administration (43%), and dyslipidemia induction (16%), while type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with the highest levels of NOx (increased 112%). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 1 diabetes reduced the total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and total thiol (SH) levels (up to 57%). The values of evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), assessed from the ascending aorta were elevated by all three cardiovascular risk factors, with the highest levels induced by type 1 diabetes mellitus (up to 259%). The histopathological examination of the ascending and descending aorta revealed reversible pro-atherogenic changes consisting of the accumulation of lipid droplets in the subendothelial connective tissue on rats with hypertension and dyslipidemia. Irreversible pro-atherogenic changes consisting of a reduction of the specific elasticity of the arteries were observed in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus demonstrates an alteration of the oxidative stress parameters, the elevation of tissue levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and causing irreversible pro-atherogenic changes on the aortic wall.

Oxidative Stress Parameters as Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease towards the Development and Progression

“…Recent novel findings by Boarescu and colleagues (2022) showed the importance of prevalent cardiovascular risk factors with MDA. Hypertension, lipid imbalance, and diabetes mellitus were associated with a slight increase in the concentration of MDA [ 42 ]. Similarly, Charkiewicz and colleagues (2021) demonstrated the increase of MDA in male subjects with hypertension.…”

Malondialdehyde as an independent predictor of body mass index in adolescent girls

“…Similarly, an animal experimental study that included a total of 28 Wistar-Bratislava white male rats showed that dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were associated with an increase in serum MDA levels (37). Another experimental study (38) showed that isolated adipocytes from adipose tissue from mice fed on a diet enriched with fat were characterized by insulin resistance and a twofold increase in the production of ROS which led to metabolic syndrome.…”

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Root Capsules Enhance Analgesic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Diclofenac Sodium in Experimental Acute Inflammation

“…Total oxidant status (TOS) is another pro-oxidant marker often used to estimate the overall oxidation state of the body [ 68 ], while TAC is an antioxidant marker used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the body [ 69 ]. It was already observed that diclofenac administration reduces TOS and increases TAC in carrageenan-induced paw edema inflammation in rats [ 70 ].…”