In order to improve our understanding of the interaction of the hydraulic fracture with pre-existing structures in reservoirs, we focused on separating microseismicity related to the hydraulic fracture propagation and microseismicity occurring along the pre-existing structures. We analyzed microseismic activity detected during the stimulation job in a horizontal well with ten stages. The microseismicity aligns in two major trends, E-W and NE-SW. The microseismicity in the NE-SW trend is aligned with the maximum horizontal stress and is related to the hydraulic fracture propagation. The E-W trend is related to the interaction of the hydraulic fracture with the pre-existing structures in the area. Some stimulated stages show very clear and distinguished spatial separation of microseismicity related to the two trends while some stages have more complex pattern. We combine several techniques that help to distinguish various types of seismicity: data set separation, geomechanical, magnitude-frequency, and well pressure analyses. The synthesis of the various methods helps to improve our understanding of the well stimulation. Overall, we almost doubled the number of hydrofractures and fault/fracture zones in comparison to the original interpretation based only on the microseismic mapping and we better constrained the half-lengths of the hydraulic fractures. The detailed data analysis strongly suggests that some hydraulic fractures may be aseismic.
Objective: Given the fact that the studies that examined oxidative stress in relation to obesity that included late adolescents are scarce and show inconclusive results we aimed to investigate a wide spectrum of nitro-oxidative stress biomarkers [i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOD), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and nitric oxide products (NOx), as well as an antioxidative enzyme, i.e., catalase (CAT)] in relation with obesity in the cohort of adolescent girls ages between 16 and 19 years old.Patients and Methods: A total of 59 teenage girls were included in this cross-sectional study. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine possible associations between biochemical and nitro-oxidative stress markers and body mass index (BMI). Results: There were not significant differences between oxidative stress markers between normal weight and overweight/obese girls (i.e., AOPP, XOD, XO, XDH) and CAT, except for MDA (p<0.001) and NOx (p=0.010) concentrations which were significantly higher in overweight/obese adolescent girls. Positive associations were evident between BMI and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (OR=2.495), BMI and uric acid (OR=1.024) and BMI and MDA (OR=1.062). Multivariable binary regression analysis demonstrated significant independent associations of BMI and hsCRP (OR=2.150) and BMI and MDA (OR=1.105). Even 76.3% of the variation in BMI could be explained with this Model.Conclusion: Inflammation (as measured with hsCRP) and oxidative stress (as determined with MDA) independently correlated with BMI in teenage girls.
Cardiometabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), are a great health concern. The strategies aimed to increase awareness and prevention, in conjunction with timely diagnosis and optimal management of these conditions, represent the main lines of action to improve life expectancy and quality. In recent years, the introduction of innovative therapies for the treatment of DM and CVD has provided new hope for high-risk patients. Yet, the implementation of preventive measures in achieving cardiometabolic health is far from successful and requires further improvement. The development of cardiometabolic disorders is a complex, multifactorial process involving several metabolic pathways as well as genetic and environmental factors. Decreasing cumulative exposure during the entire life course and timely recognition and targeting of potential risk-enhancing factors could pave the way toward more successful prevention of cardiometabolic disorders. Nowadays, in the era of “omics” technologies, it is possible to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, which offers the possibility to apply an individualized approach for each patient. This review will discuss potential applications of genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic and metabolomic biomarkers for the personalized prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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