Evaluation of Long Term Behaviour of Polymers for Offshore Oil and Gas Applications

Gac, Pierre‐Yves Le; Davies, Peter; Choqueuse, Dominique

doi:10.2516/ogst/2013211

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…The mechanical performance plays a significant role when selecting a polymer composite material for a structural application in a harsh environment. Amongst the different characterisation techniques, the tensile test is commonly used to evaluate the mechanical performance and measure the Young’s modulus and strength [ 4 , 12 ]. In our study, alongside the gravimetric coupons, tensile test specimens were exposed in seawater over prolonged periods of time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is not yet extensive experience with PMCs when it comes to marine applications. The qualification of composite materials for harsh oil and gas services is less advanced than in the aerospace industry, where specific grades and testing routines have been developed over many decades [ 12 ]. Pipelines and petrochemical component manufacturers are finally ready to shift to fully composite structures [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Seawater and the Effect on Their Physical Performance

et al. 2019

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An innovative testing methodology to evaluate the effect of long-term exposure to a marine environment on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRPs) has been investigated and is presented in this paper. Up to one-year ageing was performed in seawater, to simulate the environment for offshore oil and gas applications. The performance of an epoxy and epoxy-based GFRP exposed at different temperatures from 25 to 80 °C was quantified. The materials were also aged in dry air, to de-couple the thermal effect from the seawater chemical action. Gravimetric testing and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were conducted in parallel on progressively aged specimens. The effect of specimen geometry and the anisotropic nature of diffusion are comprehensively discussed in this paper. For the quasi-infinite specimens, the results show an exponential increase in the seawater absorption rate with temperature. The methodology allowed for the prediction of the diffusivity at a temperature of 4 °C as 0.23 and 0.05 × 10−13 m2/s for the epoxy and the epoxy-based composite, respectively. The glass transition temperature reduces as sea water is absorbed, yet the sea water effects appear to be reversible upon drying.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Seawater and the Effect on Their Physical Performance

et al. 2019

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“…It is apparent from this table that the hydrostatic pressure affects the diffusion coefficient of water at 80 °C. Several studies have attempted to clarify the effect of hydrostatic pressure on water diffusion in composite materials [16,17,18], but the published results are contradictory. However, it is difficult to foresee, in general terms, the role of hydrostatic pressure, since the overall effect is due to a balance between the free-volume reduction (due to the increasing compression forces on the composites) and the increase of the absorption driving force (due to the increasing chemical potential in the liquid phase).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Fiber Sensors for the Detection of Hydrochloric Acid and Sea Water in Epoxy and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

et al. 2019

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Optical fiber sensors (OFSs), which rely on evanescent wave sensing for the early detection of the diffusion of water and hydrochloric acid through glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs), have been developed and tested. Epoxy and GFRP specimens, in which these sensors were embedded, were subjected to tests in artificial sea water and hydrochloric acid. The sensors were able to detect the diffusion of chemicals through the epoxy and GFRP samples on the basis of a drop in the reflected signal from the tip of the optical sensor probe. Water and hydrochloric acid diffusion coefficients were calculated from gravimetric measurements and compared with the experimental response of the OFSs. Furthermore, mechanical tests were carried out to assess the influence of the sensors on the structural integrity of the GFRP specimens.

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“… The resistance to crack growth was studied by different geometries of PE sample using PENT and CDNT tests. 2015 Evaluation of Long-Term Behaviour of Polymers for Offshore Oil and Gas Applications [ 131 ] Thermal aging PA6 was thermally aged, and the decrease in Young’s modulus found out. The hydrostatic pressure increases the weight gain by the epoxy resins in the case of voids.…”

Section: Table A1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

2020

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Non-metallic pipe (NMP) materials are used as an internal lining and standalone pipes in the oil and gas industry, constituting an emerging corrosion strategy. The NMP materials are inherently susceptible to gradual damage due to creep, fatigue, permeation, processing defects, and installation blunder. In the presence of acid gases (CO2, H2S), and hydrocarbons under high pressure and temperature, the main damage is due to permeation. The monitoring of possible damage due to permeation is not well defined, which leads to uncertainty in asset integrity management. Assessment of permeation damage is currently performed through mechanical, thermal, chemical, and structural properties, employing Tensile Test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), to evaluate the change in tensile strength, elongation, weight loss or gain, crystallinity, chemical properties, and molecular structure. Coupons are commonly used to analyze the degradation of polymers. They are point sensors and did not give real-time information. Polymers are dielectric materials, and this dielectric property can be studied using Impedance Analyzer and Dielectric Spectroscopy. This review presents a brief status report on the failure of polymer liners in pipelines due to the exposure of acid gases, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants. Permeation, liner failures, the importance of monitoring, and new exclusive (dielectric) property are briefly discussed. An inclusive perspective is provided, showing the challenges associated with the monitoring of the polymer liner material in the pipeline as it relates to the life-time prediction requirement.

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Evaluation of Long Term Behaviour of Polymers for Offshore Oil and Gas Applications

Cited by 16 publications

References 33 publications

Exposure of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Seawater and the Effect on Their Physical Performance

Exposure of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Seawater and the Effect on Their Physical Performance

Optical Fiber Sensors for the Detection of Hydrochloric Acid and Sea Water in Epoxy and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

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