Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

Khalid, Hafiz Usman; Ismail, Mokhtar Che; Nosbi, Norlin

doi:10.3390/polym12102307

Cited by 61 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Due to its relatively long hydrocarbon chain, the density of PA12 is only 1.01 g/cm 3 . Based on the mentioned characteristics, PA12 and its copolymers are used in many industries, especially in sports goods [ 19 ] (e.g., soccer shoes [ 20 ]), aerospace [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], automotives [ 24 ] (e.g., fuel tubes [ 25 ] and under-the-hood [ 26 ]), food (e.g., packaging [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]), health (e.g., femoral stems [ 30 ], hip implants [ 31 ] and biomedical [ 32 ]) and the oil and gas (e.g., oil and gas pipelines [ 33 , 34 ] and crude oil transport [ 35 ]) industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Characterization of Hot-Pressed Polyamide 11 and 12: Mechanical, Thermal and Durability Properties

2021

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Chemically speaking, polyamide 11 (PA11) and polyamide 12 (PA12) have a similar backbone, differing only in one carbon. From an origin point of view, PA11 is considered a bioplastic polyamide composed from renewable resources, compared to oil-based PA12. Each of them has a number of advantages over the other, which makes their selection a challenging issue. Depending on the target application, diverse assessments and comparisons are needed to fulfill this mission. The current study addresses this research gap to characterize and compare PA11 and PA12 manufactured by the hot press technique in terms of their mechanical, thermal and durability properties for the first time, demonstrating their potential for future works as matrices in composite materials. In this regard, different characterization techniques are applied to the hot-pressed polymer sheets, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical performance of the PA11 and PA12 sheets is compared based on tensile tests and shore hardness measurement. The durability behavior of these two polyamides is evaluated in water and relative humidity conditions at different aging times. The experimental results show the ductile behavior of PA12 with respect to the quasi-brittle PA11. Both have a relatively small water and moisture gain: 1.5 wt% and 0.8 wt%, respectively. The higher crystallinity of PA12 (2.1 times more than PA11) with γ-phase is one of the leading parameters to achieve better mechanical and durability properties. The FTIR spectra displayed slight acid hydrolysis. Accordingly, absorbed water or moisture does not cause plasticization; thus, neither hardness nor dimension changes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Characterization of Hot-Pressed Polyamide 11 and 12: Mechanical, Thermal and Durability Properties

2021

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“…The longer the straight pipe, the smaller the required slip line coefficient. If the maximum absolute value of the slip line coefficient is given, the extreme value of the winding angle of the boundary design point can be obtained, as seen in Equation (6). It can be seen that the extreme value of the winding angle of the boundary design point is only related to the extreme value of the aspect ratio l/R and the slip line coefficient λ.…”

Section: Analysis Of Fulfillment Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tee pipes are commonly used pipe connectors and support connection parts, made from polyethylene, polypropylene, alloy steel, glass fiber reinforced plastic, etc. Compared with pipes made from other materials, fiber-reinforced resin composite tee pipes have the advantages of both high specific stiffness and good corrosion resistance, meanwhile, their thermal insulation performance is good, and the surface roughness is low [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Non-Geodesic Trajectory Design Method and Its Post-Processing for Robotic Filament Winding of Composite Tee Pipes

Cheng

Han

et al. 2021

Materials

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With the advantages of high specific strength and well corrosion resistance, polymer-matrix composite tee pipes are widely used in aerospace and civilian fields. The robotic filament winding technology is suitable for forming complex shape parts. This paper aims to provide a novel non-geodesic trajectory design method to get a continuous trajectory for tee pipe winding. Furthermore, post-processing methods are proposed for realizing the full coverage of tee pipes by robotic filament winding. The CAD/CAM software is then designed to simulate the winding process and realize the cover of the whole tee pipe. Finally, experiments of winding a tee pipe with a desktop winding machine and a six-axis winding robot are carried out. The results show that the tee pipe is fully covered, verifying the accuracy of the design method and post-processing methods.

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“…Non-metallic pipe materials are used as an internal lining and standalone pipes in the oil and gas industry, constituting an emerging corrosion strategy. The non-metallic pipe materials are inherently susceptible to gradual damage due to creep, fatigue, permeation, processing defects, and installation blunder (Khalid et al, 2020). Potential failures of SIPP linings during the installation and operation along with their solutions are summarized below in Table 2 (Matthews et al, 2012).…”

Section: Potential Issue Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of Novel Reinforced Spray in Place Pipe Material With Potential Fully Structural Performance Application

et al. 2021

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Many utility owners in the United States are actively searching for new and innovative rehabilitation techniques to help them regain control and repair large tracts of their networks; moreover, traditional open cut replacement is too costly and slow to keep up with demand. Many trenchless techniques such as Spray-In-Place Pipe (SIPP) lining have been adopted by municipalities to renew their aging pipeline systems. The further development of SIPP linings could benefit the water community in the United States and around the world. SIPP lining could play a key role in controlling the future expected burden caused by the aging distribution networks. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of a newly proposed reinforced spray in place pipe (SIPP) lining material that boasts structural characteristics. This material is a spray applied two component polyurethane high build coating. Three forms of sample were investigated during these tests: (1) No Fiber-Baseline (2) Rigid-with one layer of carbon fiber (3) Rigid—with two layers of carbon fiber. Three types of tests are performed: tensile, flexural, and hardness tests. This study included both experimental and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Target mechanical properties of proposed material can be improved by using carbon fiber (CF) as reinforcement and based on the results of this study, the SIPP lining material with two layers of CF reinforcement has the highest value of 8,067 psi and 16,534 psi during the tensile and flexural test, respectively.

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Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review

Cited by 61 publications

References 131 publications

Comparative Characterization of Hot-Pressed Polyamide 11 and 12: Mechanical, Thermal and Durability Properties

Comparative Characterization of Hot-Pressed Polyamide 11 and 12: Mechanical, Thermal and Durability Properties

A Non-Geodesic Trajectory Design Method and Its Post-Processing for Robotic Filament Winding of Composite Tee Pipes

Mechanical Properties of Novel Reinforced Spray in Place Pipe Material With Potential Fully Structural Performance Application

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