Evaluation of fatty acid/alcohol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as media for extracting antibiotics from environmental water

Abstract

Fatty acid/alcohol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been considered to be eco-friendly alternatives to replace conventional hydrophobic organic solvents (i.e., halogenated solvents). These novel eco-friendly solvents are applied in the extraction and determination of two antibiotics (levofloxacin, LOF; ciprofloxacin, COF) in environmental water by liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME). Two different families of hydrophobic DESs, one based on fatty acids and the other on fatty alcohols, were prepared and applied as a microextraction solvent. The study results showed that 1-octanol/ tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride-based DES (DES-14) had the best extraction efficiency. The vortex-assisted method exhibited better extraction efficiency than the heating, ultrasound, and microwave auxiliary methods in LLME. The main factors affecting the vortex-assisted LLME were optimized statistically using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for LOF and COF were as follows: 14:174 μL DES, 5.7 min vortex-assisted time, and 8.7% NaCl, w/v. Under these conditions, hydrophobic DES-based LLME was established for extraction and determination LOF and COF from environmental water, and the extraction recoveries of LOF and COF exceeded 94.8%. The proposed hydrophobic DES-based LLME method provides high precision, good linearity, acceptable limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), and satisfactory recoveries for the targets. These results support the potential of this method as a new type of extraction medium to replace conventional hydrophobic organic solvents in various applications.

Solvent extraction fractionation of manganese, cobalt, nickel and lithium using ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents

“…But contrary to the ionic liquids, the synthesis of the deep eutectic solvents is cheap and easy, and there is no need for purification of the obtained product. DESs have already shown promising results recently for the extraction and preconcentration of metals (Ali et al, 2019); (Naeemullah et al, 2013) and other compounds from aqueous media (Tang et al, 2018); (Li and Row, 2019).…”

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of five β‐agonists in the environmental samples

“…So, different quaternary ammonium salts (TAC, TBAC, and DTAC) with a long alkyl chain as the HBA and long‐chain fatty acids as HBD were selected to prepare nine different hydrophobic DESs (as shown in Table ). Fatty acids were chosen as the HBD because of their high hydrophobic behavior and their moderate ability to undergo hydrogen‐bonding interactions . The extraction efficiency of target analytes was evaluated by extraction recovery (ER%), which was calculated by the following equation: where C D and C 0 are the analyte concentrations in DES phase and initial analyte concentration in water sample, respectively.…”

Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction method coupled to solidification of floating droplets dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of acidic pesticides from tomato samples

“…Therefore, SPME and LPME methods were introduced and developed moreover. LPME is based on the distribution of analyte(s) between the sample matrix and a few microliters of a water immiscible organic solvent , deep eutectic solvent (DES) , or ionic liquid (IL) . LPME is categorized to three main procedures including single drop microextraction, hollow–fiber LPME, and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME).…”