Evaluation of Combined Treatments of Natural Fibers: Kenaf, Abaca and Oil Palm Fibers Using Micromechanical and SEM Methods

Abstract

This paper presents the results of three different fibers, Kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and abaca (Musa textilis) which were treated using 5 different types of surface treatments namely sodium hydroxide for 24 hours, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy-silane for 24 hours, NaOH followed by Silane (each 24 hours), NaOH followed by Silane (each 12 hours) and NaOH followed by Silane (each 6 hours). The mechanical strength of the fibers were then studied and compared to the untreated fibers. The highest strength was given by the fibers treated with NaOH followed by the combined treatments and the lowest were the fibers treated with silane. Also the bonding strength between the fibers and unsaturated polyester resin were then evaluated using micro droplet pull out tests. It was proven that all the treatments improved on the bonding strength. The highest was silane followed by NaOH. For the combined treatments it was found that the highest IFSS was given by the lowest treatment duration at 6 hours, due to the alkali nature of NaOH corroding the fibers which were then filled with silane, thus losing the ability to properly bond with the resin. The samples were also then characterized using a SEM to check the surface morphology which revealed that the NaOH reduced the diameter by removing impurities and lignin, thus increasing the aspect ratio. While silane coats the surface, increases the diameter and reduces the aspect ratio. Keywords. Kenaf, Abaca, OPF, Chemical Treatment, Bonding Strength, Droplet Test, SEM

Sodium Hydroxide/Silane Treated Kenaf Fibre in Unsaturated Polyester Matrix: Effects of Fibres Length and Fibres Loading Towards The Composites Flexural and Morphological Properties

“…Then, the crack propagating to the adjacent area with voids of smaller sizes as in region 2 and 3 marked on the Figure 8 (a). The width of crack propagation path which wider at region 1 and getting narrower at region 3 also indicates the start and end points of the propagation as studied by Zhang et al [37] on the in-situ observation of crack initiation and growth. shows the types of fibre failure observed on the surfaces of the fractured surface of untreated and treated sample.…”

“…All of the literatures mentioned had been using thermoplastic as a matrix (e.g: PLA [22,23] and PP [17]). Sreenivasan et al [24] had studied the effect of the combined treatment of Kenaf, Abaca and Oil Palm Fibres reinforced unsaturated polyester matrix whereby the effect of treatment time had been compared at a fixed percentage of fibre loading (fibre volume fraction). They found that the ultimate tensile strength of NaOH-Silane treated composites had been in between those of NaOH-treated and Silane-treated which said to be contributed by the partial removal of lignin and other soluble compounds resulted in the incomplete cleaning of the fibre surface.…”