Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Combined with Propolis on Porphyromonas gingivalis

Abstract

Carbonated hydroxyapatite is ideal as a bone graft material because it has similar organic matters to the bone, excellent osteoconductive properties, and good biodegradation in the body. Hydroxyapatite contains the risk of being contaminated by bacteria called Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in the oral cavity because it has no vascularization, therefore, facilitating adhesion of bacteria, and when applied in the oral cavity, it may cause an infection that then inhibits healing. Thus, it is necessary to use a material that has an antibacterial effect with low potential of causing resistance to treat the postsurgical infection properly. Propolis has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Propolis contains a large number of flavonoids and phenols. The phenol compound in propolis is usually called caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), and it has a good antibacterial property. The study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of carbonated hydroxyapatite when immersed with different propolis concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% for 24 h and to measure the zone of inhibition against P. gingivalis. The Kruskal–Wallis test resulted in p = 0.00 (p < 0.05), indicating that there were significant differences among the test groups. The data processing was followed by Mann–Whitney U-test, and the results showed a significant difference in the group of carbonated hydroxyapatite-10 % propolis compared with the other groups. Inhibition zone of carbonated hydroxyapatite that immersed with propolis 10% showed the largest mean of diameters zone of inhibition.

Combining 10% propolis with carbonated hydroxyapatite to observe the RANKL expression in a rabbit’s alveolar bone

“…5 6 , which loaded the propolis into the carbonated hydroxyapatite using the immersion method, found that the 10% propolis solution had the strongest chemical bond with carbonated hydroxyapatite. This experiment is in line with the study by Devitaningtyas et al 7 , which found that 10% propolis with carbonated hydroxyapatite had a strong antibacterial inhibition against P. gingivalis bacteria.…”

The enhancement of type 1 collagen expression after 10% propolis-carbonated hydroxyapatite application in periodontitis-induced rabbits

“…10 A previous study showed that CHA immersed in 10% propolis solution had an excellent mechanical and chemical bond between the two materials, 11 and this new material showed excellent capability in stimulating fibroblast cell lines. 12 Devitaningtyas et al 13 proved the inhibition properties of CHA-10% propolis against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Another study of propolis-coated allograft bone graft material showed that propolis also has osteoinductive properties by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells -thus accelerating the bone regeneration processes in experimental animals.…”