Evaluating the thermal failure risk of large-format lithium-ion batteries using a cone calorimeter

Wang, Zhi; Ning, Xiaoyao; Zhu, Kang; Hu, Jianyao; Yang, Han; Wang, Jian

doi:10.1177/0734904118816616

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In addition to the thermal abuse conditions that have been widely investigated [7,[65][66][67][68][69], the nail penetration [53,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] (mechanical abuse) and overcharge [9,10] (electrical abuse) for initiating failure mechanisms are also studied. In the nail penetration tests, the joule heat with a high rate is generated as the steel nail provides an internal current path between the electrodes and current collectors, and electrodes connect to each other due to the deformation.…”

Section: Thermal Runawaymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Experimental and Numerical Studies of Lithium Ion Battery Fires

2021

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are used extensively worldwide in a varied range of applications. However, LIBs present a considerable fire risk due to their flammable and frequently unstable components. This paper reviews experimental and numerical studies to understand parametric factors that have the greatest influence on the fire risks associated with LIBs. The LIB chemistry and the state of charge (SOC) are shown to have the greatest influence on the likelihood of a LIB transitioning into thermal runaway (TR) and releasing heats which can be cascaded to cause TR in adjacent cells. The magnitude of the heat release rate (HRR) is quantified to be used as a numerical model input parameter (source term). LIB chemistry, the SOC, and incident heat flux are proven to influence the magnitude of the HRR in all studies reviewed. Therefore, it may be conjectured that the most critical variables in addressing the overall fire safety and mitigating the probability of TR of LIBs are the chemistry and the SOC. The review of numerical modeling shows that it is quite challenging to reproduce experimental results with numerical simulations. Appropriate boundary conditions and fire properties as input parameters are required to model the onset of TR and heat transfer from thereon.

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Section: Thermal Runawaymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Experimental and Numerical Studies of Lithium Ion Battery Fires

2021

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“…Several studies use different types of calorimeters to quantify the heat generation during TR [1,[4][5][6] and the combustion energetics of ejected materials [7][8][9]. Wang et al [10] and Ren et al [11] use similar calorimetric methods to understand how cell aging influences the TR behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The table is sorted by the methodology and gives an overview of the research on mass flow rate and vent flow velocity. The parameter vent temperature is not listed, because it is studied in a wide range [3,8,[37][38][39][40] and usually measured by placing a thermocouple in front of the vent area. Most of the work has been published by the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science from the University of Science and Technology of China [38,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Measurement Approach to Characterize Venting Behavior during Thermal Runaway of 18650 Format Lithium-Ion Batteries

Gillich,

Steinhardt,

Fedoryshyna

et al. 2024

Batteries

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The propagation of thermal runaway in a battery system is safety-critical in almost every application, such as electric vehicles or home storage. Abuse models can help to undestand propagation mechanisms and assist in designing safe battery systems, but need to be well-parametrized. Most of the heat during thermal runaway is released by venting that is why the characteristic of the vent flow plays an important part in the safety assessment. During venting, the cell generates a recoil force like a rocket, which depends on the flow speed and flow rate of the gas. This principle is used in this work to measure the velocity and mass flow rate of the vent gas. High-power and high-energy 18650 format lithium-ion batteries were overheated and the recoil and weight forces were measured to determine the venting parameter during thermal runaway. Our results show, that the linearized gas flow rate for the high-power and high-energy cell is 22.15gs−1 and 27.92gs−1, respectively. The progress of the gas velocity differs between the two cell types and in case of the high-energy cell, it follows a single peak asymmetrical pattern with a peak of 398.5ms−1, while the high-power cell shows a bumpy pattern with a maximum gas velocity of 260.9ms−1. The developed test bench and gained results can contribute insights in the venting behavior, characterize venting, support safety assessments, simulations and pack design studies.

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“…This factor subsequently affects the load-bearing capacity and integrity of the surrounding structures. Measurements using a conical calorimeter are suitable for such assessment of materials [ 22 , 23 ]. The aim of this article is to assess torrefied wood prepared from different woods using a cone calorimeter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evaluation of Torrefied Wood Using a Cone Calorimeter

2021

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This study focuses on the energy potential and combustion process of torrefied wood. Samples were prepared through the torrefaction of five types of wood: Ash, beech, oak, pine and spruce. These were heated for 2 h at a temperature of 300 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Torrefied wood was prepared from wood samples with dimensions of 100 × 100 × 20 mm3. These dimensions have enabled investigation of torrefied wood combustion in compact form. The effect of the external heat flux on the combustion of the samples was measured using a cone calorimeter. The observed parameters, include initiation times, heat release rate and combustion efficiency. The results show that increasing the external heat flux decreases the evenness of combustion of torrefied wood. At the same time, it increases the combustion efficiency, which reached an average value of approximately 72% at 20 kW m−2, 81% at 30 kW m−2 and 90% at 40 kW m−2. The calculated values of critical heat flux of the individual samples ranged from 4.67 kW m−2 to 15.2 kW m−2, the thermal response parameter ranged from 134 kW s0.5 m−2 to 297 kW s0.5 m−2 and calculated ignition temperature ranged from 277 °C to 452 °C. Obtained results are useful both for energy production field and for fire safety risk assessment of stored torrefied wood.

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Evaluating the thermal failure risk of large-format lithium-ion batteries using a cone calorimeter

Cited by 23 publications

References 43 publications

A Review of Experimental and Numerical Studies of Lithium Ion Battery Fires

A Review of Experimental and Numerical Studies of Lithium Ion Battery Fires

Mechanical Measurement Approach to Characterize Venting Behavior during Thermal Runaway of 18650 Format Lithium-Ion Batteries

The Evaluation of Torrefied Wood Using a Cone Calorimeter

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