“…The June 2019 eruption of Ulawun volcano, Papua New Guinea highlights the power of combining infrasound with other observations (Fig. 4; McKee et al 2021b). The infrasound and SO 2 detections suggested jetting occurred for hours prior to satellite-based ash detection and that the eruption started more than 24 h before the main sequence with vigorous gas jetting (McKee et al 2021b).…”
Section: Integration With Other Data Streamsmentioning
confidence: 81%
“…4; McKee et al 2021b). The infrasound and SO 2 detections suggested jetting occurred for hours prior to satellite-based ash detection and that the eruption started more than 24 h before the main sequence with vigorous gas jetting (McKee et al 2021b). Infrasonic observations of a long eruption sequence allow for connections to data streams yet to be explored, such as petrology-based crystal clocks (e.g.…”
Section: Integration With Other Data Streamsmentioning
Over the past two decades (2000–2020), volcano infrasound (acoustic waves with frequencies less than 20 Hz propagating in the atmosphere) has evolved from an area of academic research to a useful monitoring tool. As a result, infrasound is routinely used by volcano observatories around the world to detect, locate, and characterize volcanic activity. It is particularly useful in confirming subaerial activity and monitoring remote eruptions, and it has shown promise in forecasting paroxysmal activity at open-vent systems. Fundamental research on volcano infrasound is providing substantial new insights on eruption dynamics and volcanic processes and will continue to do so over the next decade. The increased availability of infrasound sensors will expand observations of varied eruption styles, and the associated increase in data volume will make machine learning workflows more feasible. More sophisticated modeling will be applied to examine infrasound source and propagation effects from local to global distances, leading to improved infrasound-derived estimates of eruption properties. Future work will use infrasound to detect, locate, and characterize moving flows, such as pyroclastic density currents, lahars, rockfalls, lava flows, and avalanches. Infrasound observations will be further integrated with other data streams, such as seismic, ground- and satellite-based thermal and visual imagery, geodetic, lightning, and gas data. The volcano infrasound community should continue efforts to make data and codes accessible and to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion in the field. In summary, the next decade of volcano infrasound research will continue to advance our understanding of complex volcano processes through increased data availability, sensor technologies, enhanced modeling capabilities, and novel data analysis methods that will improve hazard detection and mitigation.
“…The June 2019 eruption of Ulawun volcano, Papua New Guinea highlights the power of combining infrasound with other observations (Fig. 4; McKee et al 2021b). The infrasound and SO 2 detections suggested jetting occurred for hours prior to satellite-based ash detection and that the eruption started more than 24 h before the main sequence with vigorous gas jetting (McKee et al 2021b).…”
Section: Integration With Other Data Streamsmentioning
confidence: 81%
“…4; McKee et al 2021b). The infrasound and SO 2 detections suggested jetting occurred for hours prior to satellite-based ash detection and that the eruption started more than 24 h before the main sequence with vigorous gas jetting (McKee et al 2021b). Infrasonic observations of a long eruption sequence allow for connections to data streams yet to be explored, such as petrology-based crystal clocks (e.g.…”
Section: Integration With Other Data Streamsmentioning
Over the past two decades (2000–2020), volcano infrasound (acoustic waves with frequencies less than 20 Hz propagating in the atmosphere) has evolved from an area of academic research to a useful monitoring tool. As a result, infrasound is routinely used by volcano observatories around the world to detect, locate, and characterize volcanic activity. It is particularly useful in confirming subaerial activity and monitoring remote eruptions, and it has shown promise in forecasting paroxysmal activity at open-vent systems. Fundamental research on volcano infrasound is providing substantial new insights on eruption dynamics and volcanic processes and will continue to do so over the next decade. The increased availability of infrasound sensors will expand observations of varied eruption styles, and the associated increase in data volume will make machine learning workflows more feasible. More sophisticated modeling will be applied to examine infrasound source and propagation effects from local to global distances, leading to improved infrasound-derived estimates of eruption properties. Future work will use infrasound to detect, locate, and characterize moving flows, such as pyroclastic density currents, lahars, rockfalls, lava flows, and avalanches. Infrasound observations will be further integrated with other data streams, such as seismic, ground- and satellite-based thermal and visual imagery, geodetic, lightning, and gas data. The volcano infrasound community should continue efforts to make data and codes accessible and to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion in the field. In summary, the next decade of volcano infrasound research will continue to advance our understanding of complex volcano processes through increased data availability, sensor technologies, enhanced modeling capabilities, and novel data analysis methods that will improve hazard detection and mitigation.
“…In the summer of 2019, the Ulawun volcano in New Britain, Papua New Guinea erupted twice, first on the 26 June and then again on the 3 August. The 26 June eruption began with a sub‐Plinian degassing phase, followed by a Plinian eruption beginning at approximately 06:00 UTC (McKee et al., 2021), which generated a large umbrella cloud (Horváth et al., 2021). The formation and spread of this cloud was captured by the geostationary satellite Himawari‐8.…”
The ash and gas released by large explosive volcanic eruptions rises to its neutral buoyancy level in the atmosphere, then spreads laterally to form an umbrella cloud. Density stratification of the atmosphere generates buoyancy forces in the cloud which drive the outward spread. Although umbrella clouds are often modelled as circular axisymmetric structures, in practice they are usually influenced quite strongly by the meteorological wind, with spread in the upwind direction halted by the oncoming wind, and different rates of spreading in the downwind and crosswind directions. In this work, we derive a simple parametrization of non‐axisymmetric umbrella cloud spreading from a much more complex physically‐based shallow‐layer intrusion model. The new parametrization is quick to evaluate and so is suitable for use in operational Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion Models. In contrast to previous parametrizations, in which there is assumed to be no interaction between a circular umbrella cloud and the meteorological wind, here the umbrella cloud is influenced by the wind and adopts a shape determined by the balance of buoyant spreading and downwind drag forces. We apply the new scheme to four historical case studies of eruptions at Puyehue 2011, Pinatubo 1991, Ulawun 2019 and Calbuco 2015. The results are compared with VATDM simulations using a conventional circular umbrella cloud parametrization. Using the new scheme, good descriptions of cloud spread are recovered and the prediction of horizontal ash distribution is improved relative to the axisymmetric parametrization.
“…An additional limitation is that it can be difficult to distinguish volcanic lightning from background storms in tropical regions with abundant meteorological lightning, such as the Philippines and Indonesia (Hargie et al 2018 ). In the future, this challenge may be addressed by tracking spatial changes in lightning locations through time to identify the vent location and eruptive processes (Arason et al 2013 ; Smith et al 2018b ; McKee et al 2021a , b ). Fig.…”
Section: Lightning Detection In Volcano Monitoringmentioning
The electrification of volcanic plumes has been described intermittently since at least the time of Pliny the Younger and the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius. Although sometimes disregarded in the past as secondary effects, recent work suggests that the electrical properties of volcanic plumes reveal intrinsic and otherwise inaccessible parameters of explosive eruptions. An increasing number of volcanic lightning studies across the last decade have shown that electrification is ubiquitous in volcanic plumes. Technological advances in engineering and numerical modelling, paired with close observation of recent eruptions and dedicated laboratory studies (shock-tube and current impulse experiments), show that charge generation and electrical activity are related to the physical, chemical, and dynamic processes underpinning the eruption itself. Refining our understanding of volcanic plume electrification will continue advancing the fundamental understanding of eruptive processes to improve volcano monitoring. Realizing this goal, however, requires an interdisciplinary approach at the intersection of volcanology, atmospheric science, atmospheric electricity, and engineering. Our paper summarizes the rapid and steady progress achieved in recent volcanic lightning research and provides a vision for future developments in this growing field.
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