Modeling Wind‐Blown Umbrella Clouds in Lagrangian Dispersion Models
F. J. Millward,
H. N. Webster,
C. G. Johnson
Abstract:The ash and gas released by large explosive volcanic eruptions rises to its neutral buoyancy level in the atmosphere, then spreads laterally to form an umbrella cloud. Density stratification of the atmosphere generates buoyancy forces in the cloud which drive the outward spread. Although umbrella clouds are often modelled as circular axisymmetric structures, in practice they are usually influenced quite strongly by the meteorological wind, with spread in the upwind direction halted by the oncoming wind, and di… Show more
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