Etiology of Depression: Genetic and Environmental Factors

Saveanu, Radu V.; Nemeroff, Charles B.

doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.12.001

Cited by 229 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…These data demonstrate that 5-HT is developmentally sensitive to infant experiences and that alterations in 5-HT during critical periods in early life can be a predisposing factor for later-life affective dysfunction (41-43, 47, 57). Our findings may also provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the link between childhood abuse and later life depression, which is of clinical relevance given that childhood maltreatment and adult stressful life events interact to produce increased risk for depression in humans, and this relationship is moderated by 5-HT (3,4,8,40,59,60).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…First, increasing 5-HT in depressed patients decreases depression symptoms and its neural correlates (4,39,40). Second, 5-HT is implicated in initiating the developmental trajectory associated with later life depression vulnerability (41)(42)(43).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To examine molecular mechanisms contributing to the odor-mediated rescue effect, we used high-density oligonucleotide arrays to study gene expression changes in the amygdala, which mediates the effects of infant trauma (4,7,13) and is critically involved in the pathophysiology of depression (41,49,50). The Gene Functional Classification clustering algorithm in DAVID (Materials and Methods and SI Materials and Methods) defined three categories for the depressive phenotype ( Fig.…”

Section: Infant Trauma Induces Preference Learning Of Trauma Cues Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…havioral development and vulnerability to later-life psychiatric disorders like depression (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Long-lasting effects of infant trauma relevant to depression include disruptions in social behavior, alterations in the serotonin (5-HT) system, and amygdala dysfunction (2,(5)(6)(7)(8), which have been replicated by animal models (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enduring good memories of infant trauma: Rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction

Rincón-Cortés

Barr

Mouly

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Children form a strong attachment to their caregiver-even when that caretaker is abusive. Paradoxically, despite the trauma experienced within this relationship, the child develops a preference for trauma-linked cues-a phenomenon known as trauma bonding. Although infant trauma compromises neurobehavioral development, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between infant trauma bonding (i.e., learned preference for trauma cues) and the long-term effects of trauma (i.e., depressive-like behavior, amygdala dysfunction) are unknown. We modeled infant trauma bonding by using odor-shock conditioning in rat pups, which engages the attachment system and produces a life-long preference for the odor that was paired with shock. In adulthood, this trauma-linked odor rescues depressive-like behavior and amygdala dysfunction, reduces corticosterone (CORT) levels, and exerts repair-related changes at the molecular level. Amygdala microarray after rescue implicates serotonin (5-HT) and glucocorticoids (GCs), and a causal role was verified through microinfusions. Blocking amygdala 5-HT eliminates the rescue effect; increasing amygdala 5-HT and blocking systemic CORT mimics it. Our findings suggest that infant trauma cues share properties with antidepressants and safety signals and provide insight into mechanisms by which infant trauma memories remain powerful throughout life.E arly-life trauma is associated with compromised neurobehavioral development and vulnerability to later-life psychiatric disorders like depression (1-5). Long-lasting effects of infant trauma relevant to depression include disruptions in social behavior, alterations in the serotonin (5-HT) system, and amygdala dysfunction (2, 5-8), which have been replicated by animal models (9-15). Paradoxically, trauma-linked cues-even those associated with abusive attachment-can elicit strong attraction and feelings of comfort in humans (16,17). Furthermore, a lifelong attraction to trauma-linked cues has also been demonstrated in rodent models of infant trauma, which suggests that sensory cues learned during infancy alter adult behaviors and amygdala activity (12,18,19).To explore the enduring effects of infant trauma and the mechanisms underlying their modulation by infant trauma-linked cues, we used an odor-learning paradigm during the sensitive period for attachment learning in rat pups, postnatal (PN) days 8-12, which is characterized by rapid and robust odor-preference learning that extends to aversive stimuli (14,(20)(21)(22). Specifically, we used infant olfactory classical conditioning in which a novel peppermint odor is paired with a mild shock (0.5 mA, 1s) to produce a preferred odor that functions behaviorally as a maternal odor and results in neural activation comparable with that induced by natural maternal odor (20,(23)(24)(25). During the sensitive period, low endogenous levels of corticosterone (CORT) and attenuated shock-induced CORT release prevent the infant amygdala from exhibiting the learning-induced plasticity required for avoidance learning (1...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Infant Trauma Induces Preference Learning Of Trauma Cues Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Enduring good memories of infant trauma: Rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction

Rincón-Cortés

Barr

Mouly

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Childhood traumatic experiences are common all around the world (Saveanu and Nemeroff, 2012;Spinhoven et al, 2010;Şenkal, 2013), and many individuals may face more or less the same stressful experiences during their childhood. While some of these stressful events constitute events that the child can later cope with, some of them may be so traumatic that a child fails to cope, resulting in negative effects throughout the child's whole life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Resilience and Gender in the Relationship between Adults Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Psychological Symptoms

Çakar¹

2018

PUJE

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This study examined the mediating role of resilience and gender in the relationship between adults' childhood period traumatic experiences and psychological symptoms. The participants of the research consisted of 276 adults, from whom data were collected using the Short Symptom Inventory, the Traumatic Childhood Experiences Scale, and the Adult Resilience Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied, along with path analysis and mediator test. Results indicated that adults' childhood traumatic experiences had a positively significant effect on their psychological symptoms as well as a negative effect on their resilience. Furthermore, resilience had a mediating role in the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and psychological symptoms. These findings can guide future studies that aim to determine which factors have a positive effect on adults' psychological symptoms, in order to help prevent childhood traumatic experiences and increase their resilience.

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Interaction between catechol‐O‐methyltransferase polymorphism and childhood trauma in suicidal ideation of patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder

et al. 2020

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Introduction Suicidal behavior of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The catechol‐O‐methyltransferase ( COMT ) gene has been known to be associated with suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to explore the relationship of COMT polymorphism, childhood trauma, and suicidal ideation in patients with PTSD. Methods Fifty patients with PTSD and 62 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited, and COMT variants rs4680 and rs4633 were genotyped through peripheral blood. Psychological assessments such as the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), the scale for suicidal ideation, the clinician‐administered PTSD scale for DSM‐5, and a PTSD checklist were administered. A regression analysis, the Johnson–Neyman technique, and a two‐way analysis of covariance were conducted. Results Interaction of COMT polymorphism (rs4680, rs4633) and childhood emotional abuse (subscale of CTQ) predicted suicidal ideation in patients with PTSD. Patients with the rs4680 Val/Val genotype, compared to Met carriers genotype, showed higher suicidal ideation when childhood emotional abuse was high. Patients with the rs4633 CC genotype, compared to T carriers genotype, showed higher suicidal ideation when childhood emotional abuse was high. Conclusion Our results suggest that vulnerability to suicide could be increased in the Val/Val genotype of COMT rs4680 and the CC genotype of rs4633 in patients with PTSD. Moreover, PTSD group with high childhood emotional abuse demonstrated a significantly higher suicidal ideation than did those with low childhood emotional abuse.

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Etiology of Depression: Genetic and Environmental Factors

Cited by 229 publications

References 93 publications

Enduring good memories of infant trauma: Rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction

Enduring good memories of infant trauma: Rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction

The Role of Resilience and Gender in the Relationship between Adults Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Psychological Symptoms

Interaction between catechol‐O‐methyltransferase polymorphism and childhood trauma in suicidal ideation of patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder

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