Etiology of chronic periodontal disease: an alternative perspective

Gingival Crevicular Fluid Leptin Levels in Periodontitis Patients With Long‐Term and Heavy Smoking

“…Danielsen et al 45 have reported that the amount of gingival vessels in S was half that of NS. There have been attempts to explain the decreased gingival bleeding in S by the effect of nicotine on blood flow 46 . However, there are some studies in which blood flow is reported to have been significantly increased 47 or unchanged 48 by nicotine.…”

Effects of smoking on clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL‐6 and TNF‐α in patients with chronic periodontitis

“…Although there was no difference in plaque amounts between smokers and non‐smokers, the higher GI scores of non‐smokers dependent on this decreased gingival bleeding in smokers has been explained as being due to nicotine, which causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels such as in the forearm, skin and hands. However, the effects of nicotine has been disputed; some claim that the blood flow is reduced (Clarke & Carey 1985) and others claim it is significantly increased (Baab & Öberg 1987) or unchanged (Meekin et al 2000).…”

Effect of a combination of amine/stannous fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse in periodontal maintenance patients

“…A lower bleeding tendency in smokers has been reported by many studies (for a review, see Newbrun 1996), although this is not generally accepted (Haber et al 1993, Fung & Corbet 1995, Van der Weijden et al 2001). The decreased bleeding tendency has been explained as being due to the local effects of the nicotine on the gingival tissues (vasoconstriction) (Clarke & Carey 1985). Smokers are also associated with deeper periodontal pockets and AL (Van der Weijden et al 2001) when compared with non‐smokers.…”