Ethnomedicinal uses of Edible Wild Fruits (EWFs) in Swat Valley, Northern Pakistan

Observations on traditional usage of ethnomedicinal plants in humans and animals of Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh in North-Western Himalaya, India

“…Kuntze, Lamiaceae Febrifuge, anti hemorrhagic, stimulant, cure cuts, boils, diarrhea, dyspepsia, cold and cough (Sood et al, 2009;Rao et al, 2015) Flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, steroids and tannins (Thakur and Sidhu, 2014) Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. * # , Asparagaceae Analgesic, antipyretic, diuretic, anti cancerous, sex stimulant, tonic, treat urinary infections and pulmonary diseases (Khan, 2010;Tariq et al, 2015) 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, diosgenin, β-sitosterol and santonin (Khan, 2010) Portulaca oleracea L., Portulacaceae Antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, vermifuge, anti-scorbutic, antibacterial, wound healing, analgesic, anti inflammatory, skeletal muscle relaxant, bronchodilator, antipyretic, anti asthmic, antitussive, prevent heart attacks, strengthen the immune system, improve eyesight, treat strangury, cough, sores, burns, skin diseases, insect stings, stomachache, headache, earache, jaundice, bronchitis, kidney stones, sunstroke, cold and flu (Okafor and Ezejindu, 2014;Rao et al, 2015;Sargin et al, 2015) Quattrocchi, 2012) acid and ursolic acid) (Jozwiak et al, 2014) Prunus armeniaca L., Rosaceae Gastric inflammations, dermatitis, laxative, remedy for otitis and tinnitus (Femenia et al, 1995;Khan et al, 2015) Chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin and rutin (Roussos et al, 2011) Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don*, Rosaceae Astringent, febrifuge, laxative, sedative, lipid lowering, cure foot sore, hair loss, constipation, bee stung, mouth and eye infections (Singh and Kumar, 2000;Sood et al, 2009;Parmar et al, 2010;Sehgal and Sood, 2013;Khan et al, 2015;Sharma et al, 2015) Lupeol and β-sitosterol (Khandelwal et al, 2008) Rhodiola sp., Crassulaceae Antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-anoxia, anti-fatigue, hepatoprotective, anticancerous, anti-aging and cognitive enhancing properties (Yousef et al, 2006) Phenolics, cyanogenic glycosides and proanthocyanidins (Yousef et al, 2006) …”

“…Nerve sedative, hypertensive and analgesic (Choudhary et al, 2005) Coumarins (selinidin, vaginidin, angelicin, oroselol, lomatin), flavone derivative selinone (Chauhan, 1999) Solanum nigrum L., Solanaceae Antitumorigenic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, emollient, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, treat flu, cough, headache, stomachache, ophthalmic diseases, obesity, jaundice, constipation, hepatitis and diarrhea (Singh and Kumar, 2000;Lee and Lim, 2003;Acharya and Pokhrel, 2006;Ballabh and Chaurasia, 2009;Mahmood et al, 2013;Kayani et al, 2014;Khan et al, 2015) Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, coumarins, terpenoids and flavonoids (Djaafar and Ridha, 2014) Solanum viarum Dunal, Solanaceae Piles, dysentery, toothache, influence central nervous system, remove blockage from teats Steroidal glycosides (Ono et al, 2009) of the animals and used in birth control pills (Chauhan, 1999;Singh and Kumar, 2000;Sharma et al, 2013a;Sharma et al, 2014b;Shah et al, 2015) Spilanthes acmella (L.) L., Asteraceae Toothache and oral sore (Ong and Nordiana, 1999;Kumar and Sharma, 2014) Spilanthol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, limonene, β-caryophyllene, β-ocimene, germacrene-D, myrecene, 3-acetylaleuritolic acid, vanillic acid, β-sitostenone, scopoletin, ferulic acid and isoferulic acid (Dubey et al, 2013) Tanacetum dolichophyllum (Kitam.) Kitam., Asteraceae…”

Ziziphus nummularia Inhibits Inflammation‐Induced Atherogenic Phenotype of Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

“…It is widely used in folk medicine of various countries (Iran, India, Pakistan, and others) as a treatment for a wide spectrum of ailments such as cold, cough, throat inflammation, and diabetes as well as a sedative, aphrodisiac, and an antiseptic [25, 26]. A recent study identified a new terpene isolated from Z. nummularia that appears to possess potent anticancer activity, both in vitro and in vivo [26].…”

Protective effects of Cotoneaster integerrimus on in vitro and ex-vivo models of H2 O2 -induced lactate dehydrogenase activity in HCT116 cell and on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rat colon

“…The medicinal uses of Cotoneaster species have been reported across the world. Ethnobotanical surveys carried out in Pakistan, India, Turkey, Lebanon, and Iran revealed its use as an expectorant (Cakilcioglu & Turkoglu, ), astringent (Gairola, Sharma, & Bedi, ), and in the management of diabetes (Polat, Cakilcioglu, & Satıl, ), scurvy (Baydoun, Chalak, Dalleh, & Arnold, ), neonatal jaundice (Heydari et al, ), cuts, wounds, diarrhea (Singh, Husain, Agnihotri, Pande, & Khatoon, ), hypertension (Ahmad et al, ), digestive problems (Khan et al, ), jaundice, cough, constipation, and also used as an emetic and diuretic (Sadeghi, Kuhestani, Abdollahi, & Mahmood, ).…”