Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research

Induction of protective immune responses in mice by double DNA vaccine encoding of <i>Brucella melitensis</i> Omp31 and <i>Escherichia coli</i> Eae genes

“…2037550IAU). The laboratory animal studies followed international ethical and scientific guidelines on animal testing and research [24].…”

Instrumental and ethical aspects of experimental research with animal models

“…In 1959, the book entitled rule of the three R was presented for the first time, now known and applied worldwide: replacement, reduction and refinement, which governs ethical principles in research with animals (4)(5)11) .…”

“…This guidance suggests that microorganisms, plants, eggs, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates are preferred in research, avoiding the use of animals of hot blood (4,11) . A case study conducted in a Brazilian university demonstrated that rats and mice are the most commonly used species in experimental research (12) .…”

“…Research with live animal models should consider replacing species by another of lower rank in the zoological scale, the adoption of computerized methods or in vitro models as alternative. It is noteworthy that it is not always possible the adoption of the principle of replacement and it can sometimes compromise the full reproduction of biological event because of the absence of the original environment and all physiological and pathological variables related (4,11) .…”

Implementation of the Artificial Feeders in Hematophagous Arthropod Research Cooperates to the Vertebrate Animal Use Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) Principle

“…It is recommended that protocol evaluations by bioethical committees take into account the 3Rs principle (replacement, reduction, refinement) related to animal welfare [3,4]. The application of the 3Rs guiding principle strongly contributes to ethical use of animals [5,6], and the invertebrate's engorgement in laboratory conditions involving live animals it is not the only option, given the published literature in this field.…”