Ethanol extract separated from Sargassum horneri (Turner) abate LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract

Background: This study is aimed at identifying the anti-inflammatory properties of 70% ethanol extract produced from an edible brown seaweed Sargassum horneri (SJB-SHE) with industrial-scale production by Seojin Biotech Co. Ltd. S. horneri is a rich source of nutrient and abundantly growing along the shores of Jeju, South Korea. Methods: Here, we investigated the effect of SJB-SHE on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The cytotoxicity and NO production of SJB-SHE were evaluated using MTT and Griess assays, respectively. Additionally, protein expression and gene expression levels were quantified using ELISA, Western blots, and RT-qPCR. Results: Our results indicated that pre-treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with SJB-SHE significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and PGE 2 production. SJB-SHE downregulated the proteins and genes expression of LPS-induced iNOS and COX2. Additionally, SJB-SHE downregulated LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β). Furthermore, SJB-SHE inhibited nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation and translocation to the nucleus. SJB-SHE also suppressed the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1/2 and JNK). Conclusions: Collectively, our results demonstrated that SJB-SHE has a potential anti-inflammatory property to use as a functional food ingredient in the future.

Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammation/Oxidative Stress in Macrophages: Fucosterol from Padina boryana as a Potent Protector, Activated via NF-κB/MAPK Pathways and Nrf2/HO-1 Involvement

“…Primary and secondary antibody incubation was conducted, and the bands were ultimately developed and photographed (FUSION Solo Vilber Lourmat system). The ImageJ program was used for the band intensity quantification process [ 58 , 59 ].…”

Sargassum Seaweed as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory Substances and the Potential Insight of the Tropical Species: A Review

“…The inhibition of NF-kB activation by Sargassum bioactive compounds (not only purified compounds, but also crude extracts and CSP) is proven by decreased phosphorylated NF-kB protein expression (p65 and/or p50), both in the nucleus and in cytoplasmic cell extracts [26,37,75,123,132,135], as well as inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of the IkB protein in the cytoplasmic extracts [96,100,116,123,125,126,129,147]. The Western blotting and ELISA methods are commonly used to see the expression of several of the aforementioned proteins.…”

“…An NF-kB-dependent luciferase activity assay is able to monitor NF-kB binding into the DNA binding site [83,132]. Activation of the MAPK protein is usually indicated by levels of the phosphorylated MAPK protein (p38, JNK, and/or ERK1/2) in the cytoplasmic cell extract [26,69,73,75,100,103,116,118,127,128,129,132,135,147] or by an AP-1-dependent luciferase activity assay [132]. Besides inhibiting NF-kB and MAPK group activation, the Sargassum bioactive compound (ethanolic extract of S .…”

Sargachromenol Purified from Sargassum horneri Inhibits Inflammatory Responses via Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages

“…Also, the activated macrophages increase the generation of intracellular ROS as well as the production of NO followed by inflammatory responses [ 20 , 21 ]. So, downregulation of intracellular ROS generation is an important target to inhibit inflammation responses [ 22 ].…”