Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammation/Oxidative Stress in Macrophages: Fucosterol from Padina boryana as a Potent Protector, Activated via NF-κB/MAPK Pathways and Nrf2/HO-1 Involvement

Abstract

Fucosterol is a phytosterol that is abundant in marine brown algae and is a renowned secondary metabolite. However, its ability to protect macrophages against particulate matter (PM) has not been clarified with regard to inflammation; thus, this study aimed to illustrate the above. Padina boryana, a brown algae that is widespread in Indo–Pacific waters, was applied in the isolation of fucosterol. Isolation was conducted using silica open columns, while identification was assisted with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and NMR. Elevated levels of PM led the research objectives toward the implementation of it as a stimulant. Both inflammation and oxidative stress were caused due the fact of its effect. RAW 264.7 macrophages were used as a model system to evaluate the process. It was apparent that the increased NO production levels, due to the PM, were mediated through the inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)). Further, investigations provided solid evidence regarding the involvement of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the process. Oxidative stress/inflammation which are inseparable components of the cellular homeostasis were intersected through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Conclusively, fucosterol is a potent protector against PM-induced inflammation in macrophages and hence be utilized as natural product secondary metabolite in a sustainable manner.

Fucosterol of Marine Macroalgae: Bioactivity, Safety and Toxicity on Organism

“…Furthermore, E. bicyclis has strong anti-inflammatory properties with the potential to inhibit NO and ROS production, as well as the NF-κB pathway [14]. Fucosterol from Padina boryana was reported to have anti-inflammatory properties via the regulation of NF-κB/MAPK and involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 pathways in PM-induced inflammation/oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells [43]. Furthermore, fucosterol extracted from Sargassum aquifolium (formerly Sargassum binderi) decreased ROS levels in PM-induced HaCaT cells and human lung epithelial cells [15,44].…”

“…Several studies have demonstrated safety and toxicity in human cell lines [17,27,28,[35][36][37][38]47,53,[60][61][62] and animal cell lines [15,42,43,45,54,55]. The safety and toxicity of fucosterol in human and animal cell lines are summarized in Table 2.…”

“…The safety and toxicity of fucosterol in human and animal cell lines are summarized in Table 2. In a study involving the use of commercial fucosterol for the treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line stimulated by particulate matter (PM), Jayawardena et al [43] demonstrated the inhibition of NO production levels by observing inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)). Furthermore, the effect of fucosterol was amplified by the decreased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathway molecules and ROS regulation.…”

Marine-Derived Compounds for the Potential Treatment of Glucocorticoid Resistance in Severe Asthma

“…Fucosterol, a phytosterol from the marine brown algae Padina boryana, demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects through its dose-dependent downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway [89].…”

Equivalência De Grupos Com Variáveis Latentes: Uma Aplicação De Modelagem De Equações Estruturais Na Avaliação Da Influência Do Gênero Na Satisfação Do Cliente Em Comunicações Móveis

“…Entre os principais esteroides presentes nos organismos marinhos estão o fucosterol, campesterol, sitosterol e estigmasterol (BAKAR et al, 2019). Fucosterol (1) (Figura 1b), também conhecido como (3β,20R,24E)-estigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol, pode ser isolado em quantidades significativas de algas marinhas e diatomáceas (ABDUL et al, 2016;MEINITA et al, 2021) e exibe propriedades antibacteriana (KUMAR et al, 2010), antifúngica (TYSKIEWICZ et al, 2019, citotóxica (FERNANDEZ et al, 2021), antioxidante (OKTAVIANI et al, 2019) e anti-inflamatória (JAYAWARDENA et al, 2020). Tendo em vista o potencial biológico do fucosterol (1), vários derivados esterificados deste composto (1) foram preparados.…”