Ethanol Embolization of Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Primary Mode of Therapy

Changing Concept on Vascular Malformation: No Longer Enigma

“…37) The traditional surgical treatment [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] is now fully integrated with various endovascular therapies [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] utilizing modern interventional technology.…”

Classification of Arteriovenous Malformation and Therapeutic Implication

“…The Houdart Type A and Type B and Cho-Do Types I and II proffer retrograde approaches to occlude the vein aneurysm outfl ow as being a potential for curative treatment of these AVM types. I proposed and illustrated the retrograde vein occlusion techniques for high-fl ow malformations fi rst published and three cases illustrated in my manuscript published in 1990 [ 4 ]. Later, Jackson et al published the retrograde vein approach in 1996 [ 5 ].…”

Laser Surgical Planning With Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based 3-Dimensional Reconstructions for Intralesional Nd:YAG Laser Therapy of a Venous Malformation of the Neck

“…23 The most common complication of liquid agents is local tissue injury such as skin necrosis or peripheral nerve damage. [24][25][26][27] The complex 3-D network character of venous malformations and their excellent signal characteristics on fat-suppressed T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced sequences make MRI a potential diagnostic standard in assessing these malformations. 28 However, computed tomographic scans with contrast enhancement can also define the extent of involvement.…”