Estimation of Natural Radionuclides’ Concentration of the Plutonic Rocks in the Sakarya Zone, Turkey Using Multivariate Statistical Methods

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the natural radioactivity levels of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K by the Gamma-Ray spectrometry method, and radiological hazard parameters of the plutonic rocks in the Western and Central Sakarya Zone and to analyze the data using multivariate statistical methods. The average radiological values of samples were determined as 40K (1295.3 Bq kg−1) > 232Th (132.1 Bq kg−1) > 226Ra (119.7 Bq kg−1). According to the skewness values of the distributions of the examined radionuclides, 226Ra (2.1) and 232Th (0.7) seemed to be positively right-skewed while 40K (−0.2) had a negatively right-skewed histogram. On the other hand, the following kurtosis values were calculated for the distributions: 226Ra (5.8 > 3), 232Th (−0.7), and 40K (−0.8). Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests were applied to the data to test their normality. Therefore, Spearman’s correlation coefficient method was performed. The radionuclides of 226Ra and 232Th were found to have a positive correlation with radiological hazard parameters of the samples. 2 (two)-related factors identified, and the cumulative value was calculated to be 98.7% on the basis of the Scree Plot. According to the hierarchical cluster analysis, the samples that are grouped with those from Camlik region are prominent. The average radioactivity values of Camlik, Sogukpinar, Karacabey, and Sogut (except for 232Th) regions were detected to be higher than the world averages while the value of 40K was also found to be higher than the average values of various countries in the world.

Data Analysis of Beach Sands’ Chemical Analysis Using Multivariate Statistical Methods and Heavy Metal Distribution Maps: The Case of Moonlight Beach Sands, Kemer, Antalya, Turkey

“…Principal component analysis (PCA) has a key role in statistical analysis [9,15,20,62]. It was used to determine the differences between beach sand samples based on the variables.…”

“…The eigenvalue is an important measure for observing the number of components determined in factor analysis [21,55,62]. According to eigenvalues, the breakpoint formed by the values in the plot causes the curve to have a new slope due to a significant change in the variance 4; thus, the curve turns into an approximately flat line after point 6 (Figure 2).…”

Investigation of the Effect of Hydrothermal Waters on Radionuclide Activity Concentrations in Natural Marble with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

“…A correlation analysis was performed to reveal the relationship between radionuclides, radiological parameters, and chemical concentrations. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk normal tests are performed for the statistical analysis of data obtained in different ways [10,16,49]. The normality of the data was tested performing Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests (Table S2).…”

“…Among building materials, natural marble is in common use [4][5][6][7][8]. Long-term whole-body exposure to radiation due to the use of such granite and marble materials in Symmetry 2020, 12, 1219 2 of 21 buildings can affect the health of the individuals using them [9,10]. Therefore, it is very important to compare the natural radioactivity levels of marble ( 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K) and their associated radiological impact indexes with the accepted limit values.…”

Data analysis of heavy metal content in riverwater: multivariate statistical analysis and inequality expressions

“…The heavy metal pollution index (HPI), hazard index (HI), carcinogenic tisk (CR) metrics, Simpson's/Shannon's diversity index, Nemerow index (NI), contamination degree (CD), water quality index (WQI), entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI), contamination index (CI), and hazard quotient (HQ) are the most common methods used to define the quality of the water [2,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In [17], a very simple indexing method, called heavy metal contamination index (HCI), is developed.…”