No abstract

Freshwater resource shortages have become a significant problem in the world due to population growth, rural to urban migration, climate change, and flood control. When water is stored above ground, mass amounts of water are lost due to evapotranspiration. In order to curb the freshwater resource shortage we propose the following solutions: 1) preventing some storm water from becoming runoff, 2) keeping water clean, 3) storing water underground, and 4) using water more intelligently.Flood control structures, thousands in the United States alone, have been utilized around the world to reduce peak flow to streams in order to avoid property damage. However, these structures store the excess water with little benefit, reduce recharge, and increase evapotranspiration.Artificial recharge is the process of augmenting groundwater through the intervention of man's activities-either intentional or unintentional. The goal in artificially recharging water to an aquifer is to increase the long term stability of a clean water supply to both people and the environment. Water stored in aquifers is not subjected to the evaporative losses of surface storage areas (e.g. lakes and ponds). One of the advantages of storing water in aquifers is that the risks associated with anthropogenic or natural contamination are reduced and environmental and surface impacts are mitigated.This research presents a design to integrate flood control measures with artificial recharge structures in order to provide better flood control and improve recharge without sacrificing water quality. This study evaluated alternatives for artificial recharge in terms of environment, safety, and economy for upstream flood control dam #37 in southern Oklahoma. An "engineered sinkhole" is proposed that will maintain flood control while allowing artificial recharge to proceed without sacrificing water quality.

The purpose of this paper is to use multivariate statistical methods with asymmetric distributions approach, chemical analysis, and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) device. We investigate data of heavy metal content from Akcay Riverwater to the Mediterranean involving Finike sea coast at Turkey. We determine the chemical content, origin of heavy metals of the surface water in Akcay River, which flows into the Mediterranean realted to the above-mentioned region by multivariate statistical analysis, pollution indices, and density maps involving numerical comments by numbers. With the help of special numbers represented by special chemical components and simmetric statistical methods given above, in this paper, we obtain many new relations and results. Furhermore, we give some comments, observations, and remarks about the results of this paper. These results have a high potential to be used not only in engineering fields and health sciences, but also in applied mathematics, statistics, and other fields.

The cities are also expanding with growth in construction rapidly, depending on the population growth. This development causes a lot of environmental problems. Pollution in water is one of the main problems and the aim of this paper is to evaluate water pollution in the study area. There are some statistical methods developed for the measurement and evaluation of water pollution; heavy metal pollution index (HPI) is one of them. Antalya is, one of the big cities in Turkey, also growing fast; population and settlement in this city are increasing quickly. That is why two streams, Duden and Goksu, are selected to measure the heavy metal pollution. The 24 water samples from Duden Stream and 18 water samples from Goksu Stream were taken systematically in June 2018 and were analyzed by using HPI. The heavy metals, from the highest value to the lowest one, were Sr > Fe > Al > Mn > As > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cr > Se in Duden Stream; and Sr > Fe > Al > Ni > As > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > Se in Goksu Stream. The Sr and Al values have exceeded the standard permissible values in both of the streams. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was used to evaluate the potential risk. Regarding quality the water samples have been classified as "good" and "poor", generally. On the other hand, some water samples had heavy metal pollution above standards. Especially, the water of D15 -D19 -D20 and G13 samples were determined as "very poor" according to the standards. As a conclusion, the anthropogenic factors and urbanization may be the cause of the pollution. Living creatures that use water may have health problems and ecological equilibrium may be hampered in these stations. Groundwater may be contaminated in these areas. So, the urbanization needs to be done more carefully.

No abstract

No abstract

Abstract. The protection of the existing resources has become much more important than getting fresh water. The traditional methods, like well and pump, can reduce the groundwater level and dry up the reservoirs. On the other hand, there are some environmentally friendly methods like "qanat". Qanat is a water management system which has been used to supply water in semi-arid and arid regions for a long time; for example, in Iran, Iraq, Morocco, Oman etc. The system consists of many vertical well connected by gently sloping tunnel with tapping into the groundwater table. The main idea is to reduce the evaporation and leakage, keep the natural balance of the groundwater without pumping. The main idea in this study is to find suitable places for qanats in terms of geology and hydrology and to create a model for new water projects in Antalya. A "pilot area" near to Elmalı, which is one of the districts of Antalya, is selected. The geological units in the area are permeable -highly permeable micritic limestone and impermeable -poor permeable claystone -siltstone. The surface waters in the area are generally seasonal. The physical and chemical properties of surface waters were determined. The water in the area was classified "as very good quality water for drinking" and "very good for irrigations". Besides that, the study showed that "the geological model is very appropriate for "qanat" and to get water by gravitation without decreasing the groundwater table and damaging natural balance".

The demand of energy is increasing day after day while producing clear and renewable energy is getting more important for contemporary countries because of global warming. So, any kind of project has to be considered in terms of timing, environment, safety-security and cost. Hydropower dams provide an important source of energy in many countries for a long time. However, they have several impacts on environment, sometimes on cultural history. So, it has been the greatest dilemma in engineering projects whether to preserve historical remains and fertile farm lands or to behave in favor of hydropower generation. Implementing more professional engineering approaches and practical engineering works can remove the engineering structure from being in a critical situation. Ecemiş Fault corridor in Turkey is one of these cases where a careful consideration of the problem would result in beneficial solution in both ways. There are huge landslides with several billions of cubic meters in this faultcorridor. The water-discontinuity-clay trinity (WDC) is well developed in this trough and plays a significant role in the formation of these landslides. So, a big dam project with a wide reservoir will cause a lot of geotechnical problems and also remedial works which mean time and money.This study suggests an alternative project, pressure pipeline system, instead of a large dam. The recommended system will preserve both fertile agricultural lands and historical sites and also produce more energy. The proposed system has many advantages in terms of timing, environment, safety-security and cost; and consists of small dams on the tributaries, regulators on Ecemiş stream, pipelines and power plants.