“…Deer abundance is increasing in the Americas, Europe, and Asia (Stewart and Burrows, 1989;Fuller and Gill, 2001;Rooney, 2001;Iijima et al, 2013). Accordingly, serious impacts of deer on forest ecosystems, including tree debarking (Akashi and Nakashizuka, 1999;Verheyden et al, 2006;Vospernik, 2006;Kiffner et al, 2008;Takeuchi et al, 2011), reduction of sapling density (Horsley et al, 2003;Kumar et al, 2006;Gill and Morgan, 2010;Randall and Walters, 2011;Nuttle et al, 2014), browsing on saplings and understory vegetation (Takatsuki, 1989;McLaren et al, 2000;Morellet et al, 2001;Rooney and Waller, 2003;Heuze et al, 2005;Akashi et al, 2011), changes in species diversity and/or composition of understory vegetation (Stewart and Burrows, 1989;Horsley et al, 2003;Beguin et al, 2011;Suzuki et al, 2013;Filazzola et al, 2014), and soil disturbance (Beguin et al, 2011) have been documented.…”