Appropriate vegetation indices for measuring the impacts of deer on forest ecosystems

Iijima, Hayato; Nagaike, Takuo

doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.009

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Readers are referred to some more specifics of the discussion for the restoration of firs and other tree species carried out at many forests of the world (Hester et al 2000, Kay and Bartos 2000, Halpern 2001, Takahashi et al 2001, Narukawa and Yamamoto 2002, Ito and Hino 2004, Taylor et al 2004, Dobrowolska 2008, Doležal et al 2009, Pellerin et al 2010, Nagaike et al 2014, Bottero et al 2015. It is worth to pay due attention to measure appropriate vegetation indices on forest ecosystems impacted by deer (Iijima and Nagaike 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbance in seedling development of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) tree species on higher altitude forests of Mt. Hallasan National Park, the central part of Jeju Island, Korea

Kim¹,

Lee²,

Choi³

et al. 2017

j ecology environ

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Background: Natural regeneration of seedlings as well as saplings of Korean fir has been significantly impacted by the browsing from the early stages of their development, potentially, by roe deer for the last two to three decades at the study site since late 1980s. This study was carried out to investigate current status of the disturbance in the seedling development of Korean fir (Abies koreana) on Mt. Hallasan, Jeju Island, Korea.Methods: Field survey was carried out during June and August in 2016 to measure the characteristics of study site and understory vegetation by applying systematic sampling to 125 plots of 5 m × 5 m quadrat located on eastern slope of the mountain. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to the variables quantified from the data sets using the SAS software.Results: No saplings with their diameters at breast heights smaller than 5.0 cm were found at the study site indicating the serious disturbance in the natural regeneration of Korean fir at the study site. No seedlings with their heights taller than 36.0 cm were found at the study site indicating even more serious disturbance during earlier stage of the natural regeneration of Korean fir at the study site. A total of 616 individuals of the seedlings of Korean fir were found at 54 out of 125 sampling plots. One hundred thirty-eight seedlings (22.4%) out of 616 individual seedlings have the vestiges for being grazed, potentially, by roe deer. Conclusions: Due considerations should be given to the effects of browsing of the seedlings by roe deer to promote the natural regeneration of Korean fir, ultimately to restore Korean fir. It is needed for the managers of the forest to install fences around the forest area. Exclosure experiments as well as enclosure experiments of different densities of browsing should be carried out. In addition, treatment with different densities of Jeju dwarf bamboo should also be included in the experiment on Mt. Hallasan National Park, Jeju Island, Korea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbance in seedling development of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) tree species on higher altitude forests of Mt. Hallasan National Park, the central part of Jeju Island, Korea

Kim¹,

Lee²,

Choi³

et al. 2017

j ecology environ

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“…An increase of deer density has been shown to result in more prevalent debarking of trees (Akashi and Nakashizuka 1999;Nagaike and Hayashi 2003;Iijima and Nagaike 2015) and browsing of saplings and understory vegetation (Gill and Beardall 2001;Beguin et al 2009;Suzuki et al 2013) in forests. To deal with the overabundance of deer and its effect on forest ecosystems, control of nuisance deer and the construction of fences to protect vegetation have been conducted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Debarking was shown to depend on the size of trees (e.g., Nagaike and Hayashi 2003;Koda and Fujita 2011;Borkowski and Ukalski 2012), their species (e.g., Kay 1993;Akashi and Nakashizuka 1999;Moore et al 1999;Takeuchi et al 2011), proportion of coniferous stands (Ligot et al 2013), the distance from forest road (McLaren et al 2000), and snow depth (Iijima and Nagaike 2015). In addition to these factors, spatial variation of deer impact was observed in lower elevation forests: the higher the deer density, the higher the proportion of debarked trees (Iijima and Nagaike 2015) and browsed saplings (Akashi et al 2011) and the lower the sapling density (Beguin et al 2009). The spatial variation of deer density across low-elevation areas was explained by the presence of attractive habitat (e.g., artificial grassland; Kamei et al 2010;Iijima et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptible conditions for debarking by deer in subalpine coniferous forests in central Japan

Iijima

Nagaike

2015

For. Ecosyst.

Self Cite

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Background: Recently, deer have expanded their distribution to higher altitude ranges including subalpine forests. However, culling deer and construction of deer fence in subalpine forests are difficult because of steep slopes and complex topography. Thus it is necessary to clarify the factors which are associated with debarking by deer for the effective protection of subalpine forests. In this study, we examined which factors are associated with debarking by sika deer (Cervus nippon) in subalpine coniferous forests. Methods: We conducted our survey in Minami-Alps National Park, central Japan. We established 24 10 m × 40 m plots and surveyed the occurrence of debarking on saplings >30 cm in height and <3 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) and on trees >3 cm in DBH, as well as sapling density within each plot. Minimum distances to nearest grassland of plots were calculated (tentatively assuming grassland would attract deer and would cause high debarking pressure in the surrounding subalpine forests).

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“…This is also paralleled in Japan: sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) is the major 52 inhibitor of forest regeneration (Takatsuki, 2009;Iijima and Nagaike, 2015). However,…”

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confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Information 2: BUGS Code Used in the Analysis

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The epidemic of mass mortality of oak trees has affected secondary deciduous broadleaved forests that have been used as coppices in Japan. The dieback of oak trees formed gaps in the crown that would be expected to enhance the regeneration of shadeintolerant pioneer species. However, foraging by sika deer Cervus nippon has also affected forest vegetation, and the compound effects of both on forest regeneration should be considered when they simultaneously occur. A field study was conducted in Kyôto City, Japan, to investigate how these compound effects affected the vegetation of the understory layer of such a forest. The presence/absence of seedlings and saplings was and Cleyera japonica, also had the highest survival probability. Deer-unpalatable species such as Symplocos prunifolia and Triadica sebifera had higher colonization rates in the gaps, while the deer-palatable species Aucuba japonica had the smallest survival probability. The gaps thus resulted in promoting the colonization of deer-unpalatable plant species such as Symplocos prunifolia and Triadica sebifera. It might be forecasted that such deer-unpalatable species will dominate the gaps created or affected by the mass mortality of oak trees. The epidemic of mass mortality of oak trees has affected secondary deciduous broadleaved forests that have been used as coppices in Japan. The dieback of oak trees formed gaps in the crown that would be expected to enhance the regeneration of shade-intolerant pioneer species. However, foraging by sika deer Cervus nippon has also affected forest vegetation, and the compound effects of both on forest regeneration should be considered when they simultaneously occur. A field study was conducted in Kyôto City, Japan, to investigate how these compound effects affected the vegetation of the understory layer of such a forest. The presence/absence of seedlings and saplings was observed for 200 quadrats sized 5 m × 5 m for each species in 1992, before the mass mortality and deer encroachment, and in 2014 after these effects. A hierarchical Bayesian model was constructed to explain the occurrence, survival, and colonization of each species with their responses to the gaps created or affected by the mass mortality of oak trees. The species that occurred most frequently in 1992, Eurya japonica, Quercus glauca, and Cleyera japonica, also had the highest survival probability. Deer-unpalatable species such as Symplocos prunifolia and Triadica sebifera had higher colonization rates in the gaps, while the deer-palatable species Aucuba japonica had the smallest survival probability. The gaps thus resulted in promoting the colonization of deer-unpalatable plant species such as Symplocos prunifolia and Triadica sebifera. It might be forecasted that such deer-unpalatable species will dominate the gaps created or affected by the mass mortality of oak trees.

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Appropriate vegetation indices for measuring the impacts of deer on forest ecosystems

Cited by 43 publications

References 48 publications

Disturbance in seedling development of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) tree species on higher altitude forests of Mt. Hallasan National Park, the central part of Jeju Island, Korea

Disturbance in seedling development of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) tree species on higher altitude forests of Mt. Hallasan National Park, the central part of Jeju Island, Korea

Susceptible conditions for debarking by deer in subalpine coniferous forests in central Japan

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